1835.] THE FALLS OF BEAVER, &c. ly, by Mr. Patterson. There is at this place, also, a windmill manufactory, two chair factories, three smith Bolesville-On the east side of Beaver, number of houses and families, between twenty and thirty, popu lation about two hundred. There are at this place, two extensive boat yards, where business is annually done, to the amount of perhaps twenty or thirty thousand dollars. There is also a steam saw mill, embrac New Brighton-Situated on the east side of Beaver, opposite the middle and lower Falls-at the termination of the Beaver Canal, and head of Steam Navigation, though comparatively a wilderness in 1830, has now about one hundred dwellings, many of them well built of brick; and more than one hundred families, with a population of eight or nine hundred inhabitants.-ing one run of stones, for the grinding of grain. There are four taverns, four stores, two grist mills, three saw mills, two lath mills, one boat yard, one coach maker, one wagon maker, one saddle and harness maker, one chair factory, four boot and shoe establishments, four tailors, two black smith shops, one bakery, one drug store, one physician. This place possesses many advantages and facilities The water power from the for a manufacturing town. Canal, and from the dam and race of Mr. Townsend, the proprietor, is immense a small proportion only is at present occupied, though it is attracting the attention of capitalists in the east, who have made considerable purchases, and it is still abundant. New Brighton, whether we look to its geographical advantages, the salubrity of its atmosphere, its immense water power, its canal navigation, its steam boat facilities, its delightful plains, and the graceful native slopes by which they are connected on one hand to the receding hills, that open upon the surrounding country, and on the other, to the limpid waters of a romantic s'ream, that half encircles the town,-or whether we look to the inexhaustible beds of coal, of iron, of lime, of alum, of salt, and of building stone-with which the neighborhood abounds, or to its present importance and rapid advancement in population, arts, manufactures and commerce, is evidently destined soon to become the centre of a large and flourishing town of many thousand inhabitants. Bridgewater-Situated at the west end of the bridge across the mouth of Beaver, has forty-seven frame dwelling houses, eighteen brick, three frame warehouses, one brick, do. one brick brewery, and about four hundred inhabitants. There are ten stores, two shops, two boot and shoe do., two cabinet do., two taitaverns, two saddle and harness shops, three smith lor do., two bakers, one coach maker, and three boat yards-this place is separated from East Bridgewater, by the Beaver, across which there is a bridge of some five or six hundred feet in length-cost over $20,000. This place is improving rapidly, and will no doubt soon be united to Sharon on the north, Beavertown on the Col. Stone, long established at west-and present a continual succession of buildings to the Ohio, south. Beaver Point, and well known for his extensive operations in forwarding and storing goods, as well as in keel and steam boating on the Ohio, has lately laid out about one hundred lots between Bridgewater and the Point, which be offers for sale, together with the island in front of his possessions, containing from five to ten acres. Beavertown-The seat of justice of Beaver county, is situated on an elevated plain, below the mouth of Beaver, it has about one hundred dwelling houses, eight hundred inhabitants. Its public buildings are, a rising one hundred families, and between seven and court house and other county offices of brick, a stone jail, a bank and two churches-(Presbyterian and Me. A vast amount of water power, and a great number of village and out lots are now offered for sale, and wa-thodist) all of brick. A post office, two printing offi ces, seven taverns, eight stores, two hat establishments, ter is about to be introduced through a conduit, from a neighbouring hill, to supply many who must be other- an extensive brewery, two tinners, one tanner, one wise dependent on the more laborious method, of rais- silver smith, one wagon maker, one cooper, three taiing their family supplies from wells. The recent com- lors, two saddlers, four black smith, five boot and shoe pletion of a bridge connecting this village with the vil-makers-ten lawyers and four physicians. This place, lage of Brighton, adds much to the importance of both though it has remained stationary for a number of years, these towns, as the great stage road and thoroughfare is now improving-several very respectable brick, and from Pittsburg to the Lakes, will soon pass over this wooden buildings, have been erected within the last few months, and it will doubtless continue to improve, as bridge and through these villages. this location is certainly a very delightful one. Fallstown, situated at the foot of the Falls, on the west side of the stream, is already famous for its manu. factures; which consist of woollens, cotton, paper, lin seed oil, wire, scythes, buckets, window-sash, ploughs, carpets, lasts, carding machines, steam engines, &c. &c. It contains about one hundred dwelling houses, and one hundred and ten families, with eight or nine hundred inhabitants. A printing office, post office, five stores, two taverns, two saw mills, two grist mills, two oil mills -three smith shops, three shoe establishments, three tailors, do.; one wheelwright, one saddler, and one physician. There is also a respectable building of brick, for schools, and for religious worship, by several different denominations. In the rear of this town, is an abundance of excellent coal, which may be slid from the mouth of the pits into the kitchen yards of many of the houses. Sharon, on the west side of Beaver, and below the mouth of Brady's Run, has a population of five or six hundred. It has an iron works, salt works, saw mill, Phillipsburg, or New Philadelphia-A village on the south side of the Ohio river, directly opposite the mouth. of the Beaver, formerly owned by Messrs. Phillips and Graham,and connected with an extensive steamboat yard but afterwards sold to Count de Leon and his associates. Their society having broken up, the place has remain. ed stationary, in possession of a German population, formerly attached to that society, as joint tenants; but since the dissolution of their joint interests, they live in families, with separate interests, pursuing the indus trious and frugal course, by which that people are generally characterised-their population may be from two to three hundred. Freedom-A village on the north side of the Ohio, two miles above the mouth of Beaver, was commenced the twentieth day of May, 1832, and in eleven months, had over three hundred inhabitants. It has now fifty dwellings, sixty-three families, and four hundred and fifty inhabitants; a steam saw and grist mill,a distillery, several taverns and stores, with various mechanics, a post office, two physicians, and an extensive boat yard, employing more than one hundred hands. Mr. Phillips, the enterprising proprietor, turns out work to the amount of forty or fifty thousand dollars per annum; and just above, upon the opposite side of the Ohio, is a boat yard, which will turn out about $10,000 a year. East Bridgewater and Fairport, quite in their incipient stage, promise soon to attain a respectable rank among their neighbours. Mr. Pinney has invested some thirty thousand dollars in lands at the above places, and is preparing to build up a large town. A wholesale store, with a capital of $75,000 will be established at Fairport next spring. Mr. Le Baron, the famous bridge builder, has selected this place for his opera tions and residence, and is about to erect a steam mill by which he can furnish bridges to any part of the Mississippi valley, all framed, and ready for raising-we understand that the immense bridge about to be erected at Louisville, 600 miles below, will be sent by him, from the mouth of Beaver-it will cost over $400,000. It may be remarked, in conclusion, that none of the above described eleven villages, are more than half a mile from an abundant supply of the best bituminous coal, and none more than half a mile from the neighbourhood of the canal, or steamboat navigation-they are, with one or two exceptions, all improving rapidly, and will soon spread, and become united in one large and populous town. [To be continued.] METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER. Extract from the Meteorological Register, taken at the State Capital-Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. BY JAMES WRIGHT, Librarian, JUNE, 1835. Mean, od na 29.89 1835.] UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. (Continued from page 245.) CHAPTER XIII. 261 With the view of exciting emulation among the stu dents, greater care was taken to apportion the several grades of honorary distinction at the commencements to the merits of the candidates; while, in the mean time, they were taught to feel more strongly the influSo-ence of public sentiment and to allow it more authority over their conduct, by occasional exhibitions of their skill in oratory before respectable assemblages of citizens. New Regulations.—Institution of the Philomathean ciety-Improved State of the School.—Establishment of the Department of Natural Science. In the year 1810 a reformation was commenced by a They were, moreover, encouraged to form among complete separation of the seminary into two parts, the themselves an association, similar to those which exist boundaries of which were distinctly marked, and their in many other colleges in this country, and the influence objects accurately defined. The students of the col- of which has been found highly beneficial, both to the lege, arranged into three classes-the freshman, junior, young men who belong to them, and to the seminaries and senior-were placed under a faculty composed of under the auspices of which they have been establishthree professors, who filled respectively the chairs of ed. In these societies, the charm of secrecy has been moral philosophy, of natural philosophy and the math-employed to attract new members, and to maintain a ematics, and of the languages. Of these professors one stronger interest among the old; while it is deprived of was the provost, and the second the vice-provost of the all mischievous tendency by the participation of the university. The term of study was confined to three professors and other officers of the college. To be able years; and the course of instruction embraced, togeth-fully to appreciate the importance of such institutions, er with the Latin and Greek classics, all those higher we must revert to the period of our own youth, and branches of learning and science which are usually call to mind the deep interest, the spirit at once of taught in colleges. By a special determination of the union and emulation, the kindly feelings towards each board it was provided, that whenever punishments other united with the energetic determination to excel, might be necessary, they should be directed exclusive-inspired into us by their manlike exercises; and while ly to "a sense of duty, and the principle of honour and dwelling on these recollections, we shall experience in shame." From this it would appear, that the students the love with which our hearts warm and expand tomight previously have been subjected to occasional wards the scene of our young efforts, and the vivid debodily chastisement-a degradation to which high- sire which arises to witness and contribute to its prosminded young men could not be expected to submit; perity, a sure evidence of the lasting benefit which and the liability to which, if it really did exist, must must flow to the seats of learning, from multiplying have had a great effect in lowering the general standard such sources of pleasant and affectionate association. of character and attainment in the school, and bringing The Philomathean Society of the University of Penndown its reputation to that inferior level upon which sylvania was founded in the year 1813, and still exists. it stood for many years. The attention of the public is annually called to it by an address, commemorative of its origin, delivered by some one of its older members, appointed for the purpose.* The resignation of Dr. Rogers gave the trustees an opportunity of abolishing the professorship of English and the belles-letters; and the English school, which, from the foundation of the institution had constituted a part of it, was shortly afterwards dissolved. Under the name of the academy, a grammar school was retained, in which were taught the various inferior branches of learning, necessary as a preparation for entering upon a collegiate course. Over this school was placed one or more teachers, without the title of professor, without any authority in the general management of the institution, and subject to the superintendence and control of the collegiate faculty. The charity schools, which constituted a third division of the department of arts, were also placed under the care of the faculty; so that the college, while in itself independent, was enabled to exercise over the inferior branches a degree of authority, sufficient to preserve them in accordance with its own interests, and to give the character of a regular system to all the operations of the seminary. Such were the first steps in the path of improvement. Further advances were gradually made, as the way became clearer, and experience began to demonstrate the safety if not expediency of the course pursued. To raise the character of the college, higher qualifications for admittance were made requisite; and among these qualifications, a suitable age was considered essential. Formerly, boys had not unfrequently been permitted to pass through and receive the honours of the institution, whose immaturity of years was, of itself, a sufficient evidence of their unfitness for these honours; and men who beheld these unfledged alumni, could not but doubt the judgment and prudence of that alma mater, who had sent them forth from her bosom while yet so incompetent to their own intellectual management. It was resolved that no applicant should be received into the lowest class under the age of fourteen; a time of life at which it was thought that the sense of honour might be sufficiently developed to serve as a motive for strenuous application, and the intellect sufficiently mature to render such application productive. Notwithstanding all these changes, there yet remained, in the plan and araangement of the seminary, some errors which it was important to rectify. The period of three years, to which the college term was restricted, was insufficient for the completion, without extraordinary talent and industry, of the prescribed course of studies; and the proper qualifications for a degree could not therefore be so rigidly insisted on, as if a due portion of time had been allotted. Nor was the number of professors proportionate to the task of instruction, embracing as it did almost the whole circle of the sciences. Some branches were necessarily omitted or imperfectly taught; and thus, to the want of time, was added another cause for insufficient preparation on the part of the student. It naturally followed from these circumstances, that the requisites of graduation were considered lower, and consequently the honour of a degree less, in the university, than in most of the prominent colleges of the United States; and, as the regulation requiring a long attendance of the students upon the professors remained unaltered, and the grammar school, though entirely separate in its government and conduct from the college, was still maintained in the same building, and therefore frequently confounded with the higher department, the institution was not yet able to rise entirely out of that reputation of inferiority, which had been attached to it from the period of the revolution. The trustees, however, becoming sensible of these disadvantages, have recently made alterations, which, so far as regards the organization of the department of arts, leave little farther to be desired. The grammar school has been removed from the building in Ninth rived from the university, beside the honour of the Street, and located in the old academy; so that the connexion, were the gratuitous use of suitable apartcollegians no longer incur the risk of being confounded ments, and access to the apparatus belonging to the with the inferior pupils, and are allowed to enjoy unal-institution. Though the rule demanding annual courses loyed the natural and salutary sense of importance be- has not been exactly complied with by all the gentlelonging to their station. That other unsatisfactory re- men who have accepted professorships in this depart gulation relative to the time of their attendance has also ment, yet on the more important and popular subjects been altered; and in this respect they are now placed lectures have been regularly given, in some instances, on a footing with the students of the highest and most to numerous classes; and the general result, if not so respectable seminaries. The term of study has been favorable as might have been anticipated, has been extended to four years; another class has been added such as fully to justify the original adoption of the to the three previously existing; and the faculty has measure, and to give rise to the hope that much good been augmented by the appointment of a tutor, and the may flow from it hereafter. institution of a fourth professorship. (To be continued.) TIES. Time has not been allowed, since the adoption of these regulations, for the full developement of those good effects which may reasonably be expected from PHILOCLEAN AND PEITHESSOPHIAN SOCIEthem; but the result of the changes which were made at an earlier period has been highly favourable. Since the year 1810, the university has certainly taken a higher standing than it has previously enjoyed. Its operations have been conducted with greater regularity; the course of instruction has been more complete and efficient; and the annual number of graduates, varying from seven to thirty-four, has exhibited an increase of reputation and popularity, which though by no means equal to the wishes of its friends, or to its just claims, gives us a cheering assurance that the later improve. ments, which are but just beginning to be carried into effect, will not be fruitless in the end. An Address to the Philoclean and Peithessophian Socic- Gentlemen of Rutgers' College: Force of Character, Eloquence, and the Value of Time, form the principal subjects of that discourse to which I shall briefly invite your attention, and direct my own; and if, in the discussion of the one, we shall not prove unmindful of the importance of the others, the object of this appointment, so far at least as my views are concerned, will be satisfactorily fulfilled. Force of Character is that quality-which, although its possession does not invariably imply greatnesswithout which, no man can ever become truly great. It may, as is the case with most of the distinguishing charactesistics of man, be the result of natural endowment, but it is not necessarily a natural endowment; and its acquirement, although certainly with some a matter of greater facility than with others, is, nevertheless, open and free to all. This great faculty is much more readily understood than defined. Indeed, all metaphysical researches are naturally embarrassing:"As the eye sees not itself but by reflection," so the mind is ever incapable of ascertaining its own true character, or comprehending the various springs and sources of its own intelligence and motives. It is a ray emanating from the Deity; it comprehends every thing but itself-but in itself is lost-in short, it is A holy mystery, In the same spirit which originated the measures above detailed, the board of trustees, in the year 1816, determined to institute a new department in the university, to be devoted more especially to the advancement of those branches of science which could not be advantageously brought within the scheme of the seminary as it then existed. It was evidently impossible, during the regular collegiate course, to acquire an intimate and thorough acquaintance with all the diversified subjects of human knowledge. All that could be aimed at with discretion, was the communication to the young student of such varied elementary instruction, as might enable him, in his subsequent career, to pursue beneficially any particular subject of study to which his interest or his genius might incline him. But there are many branches of science both ornamental and useful, which, even with the aid afforded by this elementary instruction, are still attended with so many difficul. ties, that the learner is apt to be discouraged at the threshold, and to turn away his steps towards some object of more easy attainment, but less honourable in the pursuit, and less advantageous in possess on. These difficulties, consisting often in the want of practical and experimental illustrations of the facts and deductions of science, may be removed or greatly diminished by courses of lectures, delivered by well qualified profes- Force of character by some is called genius-by sors, with the assistance of extensive cabinets of speci- others talent, and by a third class, perseverance. These, mens, and a suitable apparatus. This remark is par- it is true, all more or less appertain to it, but they are ticularly applicable to those branches of knowledge rather its attributes than its essence. It combines them which are designated by the general title of natural all-it supports them all: but the ivy that twines around science. As the means requisite for the proper illus- the gnarled oak, or the flowers that adorn the diversitration of these subjects are often beyond the resources fied parterre, no more contribute to sustain the trunk of individuals, it was thought by the board, that by or bed upon which they grow, than genius, talent or constituting a faculty of professors, and affording them industry, separately regarded, conduces to create or to such facilities in the prosecution of their several courses establish what is proposed to be considered under the of instruction as might be within the power of the uni-denomination of Force of Character. Genius is often versity, they would be contributing towards the public at open war with it. Eccentric, erratic, embracing a vast good, and at the same time elevating the character of variety of heterogeneous objects, with but little respect the institution over which they presided. A department to their importance or utility, it frequently exhausts it of natural science was accordingly created, embracing self amidst diversity and distraction, instead of regulatfive professorships, which were immediately filled by ing its pursuits by some useful, settled and salutary the choice of men recommended either by their gene- principle. Talent is but another name for inclination, ral talent, or by their peculiar fitness for the offices to and veers and varies in its meteor course, as often as which they were appointed. The duty of the profes- the whim, will, pleasure or caprice of man. Perseve Bors was to give annual courses of lectures to the pub-rance comes nearer than either of those to the nature lic, for which their rumeration was to consist in the fees of our subject, but it is not so comprehensive in its of the attendants; and the advantages which they de- scope, nor so illustrious in its results. Perseverance A part of Earth-a part of Heaven- 1835.] BROWN'S ADDRESS TO PHILOCLEAN AND PEITHESSOPHIAN SOCIETIES. may exist without force of character, but the latter ever includes the former. Napoleon-that bright Orb, that now is set "in starless, rayless, endless night," exhibited in his transcend ent military successes, perhaps as apt an illustration or outward and visible sign of the effects produced by intellectual force of character, as ingenuity or reflection could possibly suggest. Every campaign was but an image of his mighty mind. How was it, that often with inferior numbers-with no superiority of discipline to many of his adversaries, he subdued empires, and laid waste almost an entire quarter of the globe! It is said by those who were observant of his tactics, that he rarely awaited the attack, but commenced it; and that his astonishing victories depended upon his wonderful power of suddenly concentrating the whole strength of his army, and directing its operation against any given point of the enemy's line, and then, again, by the rapidity of his evolutions, transferring that strength to any other portion of the battle, to which his consummate generalship, or the exigency of the occasion might direct him. In a conflict with such skill-such decision-no superiority of numbers-no plans, however prudent-no courage, however resolved, unless sustained by equal energy of mind, could possibly prove available. The outstretched line of warriors each man defending his own person, or each battalion protecting its own post, was scathed and scattered, as by the condensed fury of a thunderbolt, bursting from the angry clouds of war. The operation of his armies, I say, were but a type of his mind. It was that which imparted so much terror to his arms, and rendered them irresistible. He was surrounded by experienced generals-many of whom, in some particular qualifications of the soldier, were at least his equals, but in him was united, all that was best in them. You have a still more interesting and illustrious instance, though of another and widely different order, presented to you in the life of one who was "first in war-first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen." Patriotism was his ruling passion. All the actions of his invaluable life-all the powers of his mind were freely devoted to his country. Kindred spirits rallied around his standard-the faithless and the false shuddered and shrunk beneath his glance, his energies, moral and intellectual, were actuated and swayed by one great principle; and, whether in the retirement of Mount Vernon, or at the head of his little band of devoted patriots, or in the Executive Chair of the Union, the eyes of his countrymen ever fondly rested upon him, as "A combination and a form indeed, Where Ev'ry God did seem to set his seal To give the world assurance of a man." The moral influence of his example was resistless. It was that which, while his whole soul was centered in one great object, rendered that object the focus of all the choice and master spirits of the age. Nothing else could have rendered our Revolutionary struggle successful. In the mere matter of generalship he also may have had many rivals,—but in force of character, not one. His heart was never doubted by those who, themselves, were unsuspected; and, although surround. ed by men of the highest intellectual attainment,-in the harmonious and mutual adaptation of his great qualities, he towered above them all. Lafayette-is another bright example of the truth of our doctrine. "Whatever his hand found to do, he did with all his might." The execution of his work was not the result of cold, calculating reason. Reason may have dictated it-but the warm, generous, enthusiastic and devoted heart, promoted and secured its achievement. Whether he enlisted in the great cause of human Liberty, embarked in the glorious struggle for American Independence, or imparted his counsel to the provisional government of France, he generous 263 ly and freely staked his fortune and his fate upon the issue. Something of this may have been ascribable to the warmth of his temperament-much of it to the time in which he lived and the circumstances by which he was encompassed, but more, undoubtedly, to the school in which he received the initiatory principles of his future life-the camp of the immortal Washington! the Hero who subdued himself and others!-Bis vincit qui se vincit in victoria. As another, and the last example, not unworthy to be classed with those illustrious men, stands the venerated, alas! that within the present month we should be compelled to say, the lamented Chief Justice of the United States. A man whose whole career was one` continued evidence of almost matchless gentleness and firmness, simplicity and strength, humility and grandeur: whose life was a national blessing and whose death a national calamity. He, too, was the pupil-the friendthe fellow soldier of the Father of his Country. Their works were here; but they looked for their reward not to an earthly, but a celestial crown--"to a throne not made with hands, eternal in the Heavens." Thus must it ever be. It has seldom happened that a great man flourished alone-the kindred sympathies of our hearts, the ambition inspired by example,-the collision of minds engaged in the accomplishment of a great work,-the applause which ever invites to competition, all contribute to bring into action those latent powers which otherwise might slumber, and, perhaps, die. It is the peculiarity of greatness that it lights, and leads, and lures others on to glory by its own effulgence. I pause not for instances, ancient or modern-the page of history is resplendent with the accumulated proofs of this doctrine. We have been somewhat led, in contemplating the effects of force of character, from the cause that produces them. The prodigious results will easily be com prehended, when they are considered as springing from the natural or habitual employment of the united moral and intellectual energies for any specific and commensurate purpose. If the mind be spread or scattered over a vast surface, without the ability of suddenly collecting its forces and bringing them all to bear in the hour of emergency, it will frequently be resisted, if not utterly overthrown, by a comparatively feeble and contemptible adversary. Such a mind never can rely upon itself; its very acquisitions and treasures are but an intolerable burthen, and serve only, in the world's great conflict, "Like golden armour, worn in heat of day, The purpose of knowledge is usefulness."No man lighteth a candle, and putteth it under a bushel." It is not sufficient that the mind should be a library of profound learning, but, as has been well remarked, it should be a circulating library. The knowledge that either is not exercised at all, or not exercised until the occasion has passed by, is folly—and leaves us only to regret that it had not been acquired by some one who could, and who would, have applied it more beneficially for mankind. Let not these sentiments be understood as a reproach to erudition, or as an encouragement to mere sciolists in the work of Instruction. It rarely hap pens that the superficial can ever render any valuable aid to the important concerns of life. Even if possess ed of promptitude and decision, they are almost always destitute of force of character-for it is the very essence of that great virtue never to know imperfectly, what may be fully comprehended. The difference between the two classes to which I have referred, is this-the former are always prepared, but never ready,-and the latter are always ready, but never prepared. Take the learning of the one, and the activity of the other, and success in every effort is secured. It is absurd to suppose that each particular branch of study has any espe cial or exclusive destination. No one branch can secure |