in my hands, within a day or two, the views of a lamented statesman on this very subject, embodied in language which it would be in vain to attempt to improve. I will read it in conclusion on this point. It is worthy grave consideration, as the opinion of a pure and wise expositor of the Constitution-an unsuspected friend of the rights of the States. "The rights and interest of the country were secured by the Constitution, not impaired by it. The rights of the States were secured in terms. Independently of the Constitution, the States had some mutual rights. The central States had, unquestionably, that of navigating the streams which flow from their limits to the common property of nations-the ocean. These rights, independently of the Constitution, they could secure by negociation or war. The Constitution precludes these; but it does so by substituting, for a violent and precarious, an orderly and effectual remedy. Rights to specific property, if they are the subject of controversy between States, are decided by the federal jndiciary; rights equally secured by the Constitution, but which cannot be enforced without legislation, must look for their support to the fede. ral Legislature. In this view it is rather a question between the different departments of the general government, in which shall be vested the power of secur ing the rights of navigation and way, which the central | States may claim. And the character of these rights Bufficiently shews, that they must be secured (in the unexpected event of their requiring any other security than the mutual interest and amity of the States) by Legislative provision, as well as judicial authority."* There is an incident in the his ory of our relations with the state of New York, which appears on our statute book, and which authorises me to say, that New York, least of all our sister states deserves injury at our hands. In the year 1821, complaints were made to the Legislature of Pennsy Ivania of certain dams, erected in the Allegheny river and Oswego Creek, within the limits of New York, and on the subject being communicated to Governor Clinton, who referred it to the Attorney General of the state, the obstruction was promptly and effectually removed. Mr. Talcott, in his official communication, which will be found 7 Smith's Laws, 677, says—“It is true the injury is not to our own citi zens; but if New York and Pennsylvania were sovereignties, wholly distinct and unconnected, such act, on the part of our citizens, affecting the health of the inhabitants of Pennsylvania would be a breach of the law of nations. And the circumstance that these states, instead of being thus distinct and unconnected, are united under one confederate government, seems to impose upon us an additional obligation to respect the rights of Pennsylvania rather than to furnish a defence or excuse for their infraction" These are sound and patriotic doctrines, such as the framers of future negotiations about the property and vested rights of others, would do well to bear steadfastly in view. In asking the attention of the House thus in detail, to the views which I have been led to form on this in teresting question, I feel that I have occupied more of its time than I should have done-far more than I in tended. I have endeavored to illustrate some of the positions taken in the Report, which has been for some weeks on your tables. The deep interest, unequalled in point of intensity, which this question has excited in the minds of our fellow citizens of all the counties lying on the Delaware, must be my apology for trespassing so long on the attention of the House. Believing as I and my colleagues of the select committee have done throughout, that there are principles involved in its decision of vital and pervading influence we gave to it when under reference all our attention, and to the result of those deliberations we now ask the impartial consideration of this House. Gentlemen must not re. The resolution being then under consideration, a mo tion was made by Mr. Bidlack, of Luzerne, to postpone the further consideration of the same for the present, which was disagreed to, and the main question again recurring, the Resolution was unanimously adopted. From the Pittsburgh Gazette. THE STEAM ENGINE PITTSBURG, This beautiful piece of workmanship was made by Messrs. M'Clurg, Wade & Co, and in its exterior ap pearance is a beautiful specimen of skill and neatness, It gave us much pleasure to see that the manufacture of locomotive engines had at length commenced in this region of country, it being the first ever made west of the Allegheny mountains. It is constructed on the plan of Stevenson's, in England, and is of the largest size, • Mr. Lowndes Speech on Internal Improvements-weighing, without water, 19,000 pounds. It was made House of Representatives-March 10, 1818. for the commonwealth, and is intended for the four. teen miles level on the Portage Rail road. It has 2 steam cylinders, each eleven inches bore, and sixteen inches stroke. The machinery was in operation when we saw it, but there was no locomotion, (being no rail road,) the exhibition taking place in one of their workshops. We have never seen any steam machinery work with such beautiful smoothness and regularity; and it is, in all respects, a creditable evidence of the skill of our workmen. We shall be greatly surprised, if it does not perform admirably well on the rail road.--It was taken to pieces on Monday, and shipped by the canal for its station on the mountain. From the Philadelphia Gazette. The following were the prices on the 5th inst. of cts. per lb. do 10 to 12 7 to 8 61 to 7 do 7 to 8 61 to 7 $99 99999 do From the United States Gazette. UNITED BOWMEN. 175 Yesterday was the anniversary of the company of "United Bowmen," which holds its charter from the ancient company in England, that traces its line of existence almost to the merry days of the hero of Sherwood forest. According to the custom of the company, cards of invitation were issued, and between 3 and 4 o'clock, the guests assembled to the number of about twelve hundred, at the elegant seat of Mr. Norris, on Turner's Lane. Nearly two hundred carriages were ranged along the lane, and in the extensive avenue to the mansion. From the east side of the extensive lawn in front of the house, was separated by extended lines, an area about fifty yards wide by one hundred and twenty long, for the exercises of the bowmen. Midway on the east side of the area, was erected a very handsome marquee, in which was Johnson's admirable band of music. Opposite that tent, on the west side of the area, was a table most tastefully decorated, upon which were placed the premiums; and without the line, on the north and on the west side, were seats for the ladies, who watched do with earnestness the movements of the archers. Among do the company were representations of all the liberal prodo fessions, and all classes of citizens who had leisure and do taste for such enjoyment. Some of the young ladies do each. and gentlemen kindly gave up their places of advan. 8 to 9 cents per lb. tage to their seniors, and we wished them pleasant 7 to 8 do do strolls as they paired off along the delightful walks of 44 to 75 cts. pr.pair. the place. How thoughtful thus to give place to the 75 to 100 do do old. 25 to 31 cents per lb. 10 to 14 do do 50 to 75 cts. pr hf pk 12 to 50 do 8 to 10 61 to 7 10 to 25 25 to 50 cents each. 3 to 64 do do 50 cts. per bushel. 123 cts. per dozen. 1 dollar per bushel. 6 to 8 cts. per hlf. peck. 124 do Cucumbers to cut, 61 dozen. Egg Plants, Onions, Tomatas, Ochra, do 5 to 10 cents each. GOLD AT THE MINT. The gentlemen of the Company wore their uniform, which consisted of green frock coats, trimmed with gold, with an arrow on their collars, white pantaloons do and green caps; pendant to a black leathern girdle were the appliances of their craft. Their bows were truly beautiful, and the arrows were of the most approved shape and finish. The targets were placed near each extremity of the area, the sporting distance being eighty yards. The company was divided into two classes each class was ranged near its own target, and one member of each stepped forward, and both discharged their arrows at the opposite targets; these then stepped aside and another two came forward-and thus till all had discharged their arrows. Near each target shot at stood a neatly dressed lad, with silk flags in his hat, and as an arrow struck the target, he waved a flag of the color of the circle hit. The bowmen would march, to the sound of music, in file to the opposite extremity, gather up their arrows, and the captain of the target, Mr. Krumbhaar, mark upon a card the number which the members had gained. The centre, or gold spot counting nine, and each ring counting two less, as one receded from the centre. The two lads, with their bowmen. When ever an arrow struck the centre or gold spot, the band gave a flourish with their trumpets. As time for closing the contest drew near, it was evident that the ladies had taken an interest in the proceedings, and they were anxious to learn the resultto know who were to receive the splendid premiums. The contest was close, and the difference between the few who gained and the many who missed, was very small. The first premium was the companies' "bowl”—a massive silver vessel, weighing 150 ounces, bearing various devices and inscriptions, and receiving from each yearly holder some additional ornament. This is held 161,500 for one year only. The other premiums are retained by the winners. The second premium was a handsome silver arrow, $13,335 to bear the winner's name, date, and the inscription, secundus hoc contentus abito, The third motto was a handsome silver wassil cup, the stem representing a quiver. When the tally card was reckoned up, the premiums were thus awarded by the captain of the target, with a suitable address. First Premium, the Company's bowl, to Franklin Peale-37 shots, counting 144. Second Premium, to S. P. Griffitts, Jr.-33 shots, counting 129. nying the President and Managers on an excursion along the whole line of their Road, and were pleased to find that considerable progress has been made in the grading on some of the sections, and that in a few days the contractors on the whole line will be in full operation, being only delayed by the necessary operation of the law respecting the damages on some sections. The importance of this work does not appear to be fully understood by the public. It was originated for Third Premium, to W. H. W. Darley. This premium inclined plane on the Columbia Rail Road, at Belmont, the purpose of avoiding the horrors and evils of the is given for the arrow placed nearest to the centre of which, it is now universally admitted, must be abandonthe target, without any reference to the number pre-ed; and we were pleased to learn from the distinguishviously gained. It was obtained by Mr. D. at the last shot in the afternoon. ed Engineer of the Company, Henry R. Campbell, Esq. that he will be enabled to effect this great and desiraThe company was delighted with the place and the ble object to his entire satisfaction, so as to avoid an inmeans of enjoyment; and when some observed, that inclined plane, and at a grade that will make it perfectly a single round there had been several misses, we heard safe and convenient, it being within the limit of the a young lady archly observe, that there were more grade on that part of the Pennsylvania Rail Road, where "misses" than hits. She did less than justice to the there is no inclined plane. The location appears to be fair part of the company. We are too old to talk about exceedingly judicious. The inconvenience of short such things, but we have good reason to believe that curves, so numerous and objectionable on the Columbia the united company were not the only bowmen of the Rail Road, is in effect extirely avoided, it being almost afternoon. a straight line, as there is no curve on it at a radius less than 4000 feet, whereas, on the Columbia Road there are some of 600 feet, and even 300 feet, We are sure that we express the feelings of the very numerous and highly respectable guests, when we refer with grateful pleasure to the liberal courtesy of the United Bowmen, and to their arrangements for the entire accommodation of those who witnessed their elegant and healthful exercises. On Tuesday afternoon, as a heavy wagon with five horses attached, was passing up Coates street, by the rail road depot, the locomotive engine belonging to the Norristown road, before being attached to the cars, passed up the road some hundred yards, which being observed by the driver of the team, he supposed that it would not return, and attempted to cross the track. Just then the engine backed down, and came in contact with the wagon, which it shattered to pieces. The horses, though knocked down, escaped without any essential injury.-U. S. Gaz. SCHOOLS. Extract of a letter, dated WASHINGTON, (Pa.) Aug. 12, 1835. "It may not be uninteresting to you to hear something of our public schools. We have two schools now in successful operation, viz: a male and female school, with about 150 scholars in each, taught by two teachers in each school. We have three independent schools, containing about 40 scholars, and I had almost forgot. ten to say that we have a colored school of 30 scholars, making in the whole 330 scholars taught in the public schools, at an expense of less than $5 per year for each scholar, including house rent, fuel, &c. Add 40 scholars taught in the private schools, and we have 370 scholars in the schools in our borough at this time. Do you ask me what advantage the present system has over the former I answer much every way. In the first place, we have more children at school; and second, there is a perfect equality: the odious stigma of pauperism is wiped off, and the children take their rank in school as the children of free white men ought to do. From the Pennsylvania Inquirer. WEST PHILADELPHIA RAIL ROAD. This Road connects with the Columbia, or great Penti sylvania Railway, at a point about eight miles from Philadelphia, and extends from thence to, and terminates, at present, at a point near to the Market Street Permanent Bridge, from whence it will be taken, as soon as arrangements can be made, either over the piers of the present bridge, in connection with the present track for common travelling, or by another bridge, to the Rail Road at Broad street, and there connect with the centre of the improvements made and making for the accommodation of the rich products of the Great West, which must find their way over this road to the Great Philadelphia Depot. We are satisfied from a careful examination of the prospects of this road, that on its completion it must become the main thoroughfare of the growing travel, trade, and commerce of the West, and therefore profitable to the Stockholders. Of this the Company appear to be fully aware, as they are resolved to have the road constructed in the most permanent and durable manner. With this view they have contracted for a sufficient quantity of Iron Rail, of a new and most approved pattern, for a double track; and we were informed, the grading and bridging of the entire line is contracted for, to be finished for the reception of the rails by the first day of April next, at a sum not exceeding $93,000, and that the road, with a double track, will be finished, and in operation, by July next, at a considerable saving in the original estimate of the Engineer. Thus the public, and travellers, in particular, who have experienced the danger and delay occasioned by the useless and expen. sive inclined plane at the foot of the Columbia Road, must be gratified to learn that by the exertions of the President and Managers of the West Philadelphia Rail road company, they will in a short time be furnished with a safe, convenient, and shorter way of approaching the City, without incurring the risk, danger, and delay incident to descending or ascending a steep plane of near half a mile in length. Printed every Saturday morning by WILLIAM F. GEDDES, No. 9 Library street. The publication office of the Register has been removed from Franklin Place, to No. 61, in the Arcade, West Avenue, up stairs. HAZARD'S REGISTER OF PENNSYLVANIA. DEVOTED TO THE PRESERVATION OF EVERY KIND OF USEFUL INFORMATION RESPECTING THE STATE. VOL. XVI.--NO. 12. EDITED BY SAMUEL HAZARD. PHILADELPHIA, SEPTEMBER 19, 1835. From the National Gazette. HALLEY'S COMET. PHILADELPHIA, Sept. 7, 1835. Mr. Editor:-On reading the announcement by Messrs. Olmstead and Loomis, of their discovery of Halley's Comet, for the prompt publication of which they should receive the thanks of every astronomer, I resolved to search for it with a smaller telescope of 34 feet length and with a power of about 20. The morning of the 5th was hazy. On the morning of the 6th, I was fortunately able to see the same object and to give the additional testimony of several of my acquaintances to the evidence already furnished. As my object is to diffuse through the medium of your paper, authentic information concerning this oldest Comet known to us in history, I trust no apology will be necessary for the dryness of the facts submitted. At 35 minutes past 3, I saw at 5h. 53.4m. of right ascension, and 25° 32 nearly of north declination, a nebulous appearance, which the light of the moon, then about setting, rendered faintly visible. I have said a nebulous appearance, I would rather say that its appearance thus slightly magnified was precisely similar to that of the Comet of 1825, which by a coincidence worthy of notice made its first appearance to unassisted vision on the 3d or 4th of September, in the same constellation near the Hyades. The orbital motion of this body, observed by those gentlemen, establishes the identity of Halley's Comet, and if such evidence were wanting, presuming that its place as given by them was correct, viz: right ascension 5h. 51m, declination 240, its manifest change of place since the morning of the 1st September, would be conclusive. The place given for the Comet is only approximate, and is derived from a comparison of its place with that of the stars 132, 136, and 139 Tauri. It was about 1.30 S. 18 East of the last. If this place is correct the Comet is about 4 4m. in defect in right ascension and 2.1° South of its place as given in the ephemeris computed by Mr. Woolhouse from the elements of M. de Pontécoulant. This deviation will be explained by supposing that the Comet will arrive at its perihelion Nov. 17, about 10. 1 days later than the time there predict ed, and the elements of the Pontécouland will have been found more correct than those of either of the other distinguished astronomers, Damoiseau and Lubbock, who have assigned respectively three and seven days earlier than Pontécoulant for the epoch of its perihelion passage. The Comet of Edmund Halley possesses an interest beyond that of all others, from the historical recollections with which it is associated. Newton first pro. nounced the opinion that Comets are subject to the law of universal gravitation, and that their return might be predicted. But the confirmation of this theory required a long and painful calculation of the elements of the Comets hitherto observed. None but Edmund Halley, the friend and contemporary of Newton, had fortitude for the undertaking. The computation of the orbits of twenty-four Comets, convinced him that those of 1305, 1380, 1456, 1531, 1607, and 1682, were the same, and accordingly with much hesitation he announeed its exVOL. XVI. 23 No. 342. pected return near the beginning of 1759. Early in the Waiving therefore, all doubt of its identity, it may be presumed that it will verify these predictions concerning its greatest brilliancy, perihelion passage, &c. by adding 10 days nearly, to the date of these predictions which are re-published in the American Almanac for this year,-that its greatest brilliancy will be near the 17th of October, at which time it will be within 23 millions of miles of the earth, and 88 millions of miles from the sun. It is reasonable to expect that the Comet will be visible to unassis'ed vision, at least ten days before and after this period, for it has generally been visible in its returns to its perihelion through a course of history from 502 years before the Christian era to the present time. It has frequently been very brilliant, causing much alarm throughout Europe in the dark ages, and "With fear of change perplexing nations." Moreover from calculation it appears that the quanti.. ty of light afforded by it at that time will be at least 70 times as great as it is at this time, being now about 120 millions of miles from the earth and 150 millions of miles from the sun. Other comets farther from the earth and sun than this will be in October, have been quite brilliant. To mention a familiar instance, the comet of 1825 extended through 5° of the Heavens, on the 5th of October, at which time it was about 62 millions of miles from the earth, and more than 130 millions of miles from the sun. It is but justice to the memory of the late Mr. Warren Colburn, of Lowell, Massachusetts, to remark, that these last particulars were communicated to me by him, during the appearance of the Comet of 1825, from elements computed by himself from the observation of Robert T. Paine, Esq. Nor can I on this occasion refrain from saying that by far the greater part of all that has been done and made public in this country for the advancement of practical astronomy for the last 15 years, has been done in Boston and its neighborhood by a few individuals. The enlightened spirit recently manifested by our City Councils, and the zeal of one of our learned societies, encourage hopes of better times, and if properly S. C. WALKER. P. S. Sept. 8th.-Having been favored by John Vaughan, Esq. Librarian of the American Philosophical Society, with the catalogues of Messier's and Her schel's nebula from the Library of that Institution, which is rich in every department of science but particularly in that of Astronomy, I find none for which this appearance could readily be mistaken; but to remove all doubts, if any existed before, I saw this morning from half past 2 till 4 the same comet at least twice as bright as on the 6th, and in a new group of stars, both of which are preserved by drawings made at the time. From its place this morning it would seem that it has been retarded about 10 days in its return. On the 20th inst. it will probably be within one or two degrees of Kappa Auriga, a star of the 4th magnitude, from which its place may be found on a common globe. From the Commercial Herald. S. C. W. seconded by private munificence, will give increased around the lacerated part of the twig, and thus endanassurance that the birth place of Rittenhouse still cher-gers the final escape of the insect. But remark-as the bark becomes renewed, the fibrous tufts, being ishes his memory and example. pressed upon by the process, elevate themselves even at right angles with the twig, and the puncture remains undisturbed. What an admirable provision of an All Seeing Eye? for who does not see that this is controlled by an All Intelligent Author? These anticipations were made last season-they have been fully verified. Let any one examine for himself. Now for the Locust.This insect, or tree hopper, (Cicada Septemdecim,) properly so called, presents many interesting characters. The pupa state is well formed for burrowing: the insect being protected by a tough, smooth, and pliant membrane or shell; its fore claws adapted for digging, and its progress facilitated by the wedgeshape front of its head. I desired to acquaint myself with its method of burrowing, and for this purpose, replaced in the ground a pupa which had recently emerged; three days after, the spot was examined--no progress whatever had been made, and the insect itself was dead. Other attempts were subsequently made to obtain an insight into this interesting trait of insect architecture, but with as little success. In the above experiment, the pupa was placed twelve inches below the surface. The cicada emerge from the ground during During one of the frontier wars in Pennsylvania, it the evening, (I have observed a few issue by day) and was found necessary to send out a company of rangers going directly to a fence or tree, in a few hours cast or spies. After they had arrived at one of their points their skin, which they leave adhering to it. of destination, it was thought advisable to send out one is a fac similie of the insect; traces being left of the of the officers of the company, with a command of five very spiracles,* or air tubes, and of the down on the men, to reconnoitre the movements of the enemy. A forehead. The insect appears to free itself partly, by Dutchman constituted one of the party, and on the repeated muscular efforts (and partly by its increasing evening of the second day they came upon the Indian growth?) but the membrane does not become dry and camp, covered with bark, and discovered fresh signs brittle, and then crack, as has been asserted, since it of the enemy. A council was immediately held, upon remains pliant for some time after it has been east, and which it was determined to secrete themselves upon even after it has become brittle re acquires pliancy the top of the camp, and await the arrival of the In- when moistened. The shell being east, the insect seems dians. After the nightfall had set in, several of these white, tender, and very feeble; mere rudiments of sons of the forest entered the camp, divested themselves clytra and wings may be observed, which are very of their implements of war, and commenced preparing transparent, and have orange colored ramifications. In something to satisfy the calls of hunger. Our Dutch- twenty-four hours the locust has acquired its proper man had an itching to know what was going on below. form, size, and color (?) The musical organ of the He accordingly raised himself on his hands and feet, male, and the ovipositor of the female, take somewhat and thus drew himself forward, in defiance of all the longer to attain their perfect development. It is proper here to state, that my own observations have not verified forbidding gestures of his comrades, until he reached a point so far on the projecting tree, that it tilted with what has been remarked by one, that the insect in its and precipitated him head-foremost upon the foe.-tender state, appears covered with a secreted glutinous When he discovered that he was falling, he cried out, "Here I come, by Cot," whereupon the affrighted sa vages fled, and left the camp an easy conquest to his comrades. OLDEN TIME. From the Bucks County Intelligencer. The twigs of different plants, which were punctured by the seventeen year Locust, last season, present now almost the same appearance as when the eggs were deposited in their nidus. It is almost impossible to examine a twig of an oak or apple tree, without witnessing the fact. Having studied the natural history of this insect with considerable attention, I shall lay before the reader some of my own investigations, reserving others for a future paper. Most of the remarks offered, were published in a series of articles which I occasionally contribute to one of our Magazines. I shall transcribe them. In the first place: Has the reader ever examined the twigs within which the locust has deposited eggs? If so, they may have been struck with the appearance of little tufts of fibres at each puncture. Now what is the use of all this-why could not a simple puncture have sufficed? The design of this is evident-it is to provide for the escape of the prisoner within. It will be several months before the larva can be hatched forth, and during this period, the bark renews itself This shell fluid, which becomes brown and gradually hardens on exposure to the light. Had my attention been directed to the subject, at the time when opportunity favored, it is probable that my observation would have coincided with the foregoing-the like phenomenon presenting itself in an animal when the scarf skin separates, as in disease. The locust are very active, flying from tree to tree in quest of mates-the female being directed to the male by his plaintive music, which in certain places, when in concert is perfectly deafening, and may be heard at the distance of a quarter to a half a mile. According to my friend Mr. George Ord, the locust appeared in Buckingham on the 24th of May. About the same period they appeared in the neighborhood of Philadelphia. I have obsevered them so numerous in certain situations, as to render the air disagreeable from their putrefaction. On the 17th of June they had greatly diminished in number; and on the 27th of the same month, it was, comparatively, difficult to procure specimens, more especially of the males-the latter dying as soon as fulfilling the object for which they were destined. Accord ing to the gentlemen above referred to, the locusts, in Buckingham, ceased their noise on the 6th of July. On the 6th of June, I procured several impregnated females *The fact that the catapillar, &c. cast the skin which lines the breathing holes and intestines, was ascertained by Bonnet, De Geer, Lyonnet, and Swammerdam, |