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his favour amounted only to the sum of fifteen shillings He died the same year, on his return to Scotland.1

FOULON or FOULLON (JOHN ERARD), a German divine and historian, was born at Liege, of an ancient and distinguished family, in 1609; and in 1625, he entered the order of the Jesuits. His tutors, observing that his qualifications were peculiarly adapted to the duties of a preacher, took care to instruct him in the requisites for undertaking the office, and he became celebrated for his public services for more than thirty years, as well as for bis extensive knowledge, which embraced every branch of science. He was successively appointed rector of the colleges at Huy and Tournay, and died of a pestilential disorder in the latter city, in 1668. He is known as an author by many theological pieces, particularly "Commentarii Historici et Morales ad libros I. et II. Machabæorum, additis liberioribus Excursibus," in 2 vols. folio; and by his "Historia Leodiensis, per Episcoporum et Principum Seriem digesta ab origine populi usque ad Ferdinandi Bavari tempora," &c. in 3 vols. fol. This work, though not very ably executed, is said to throw much light on the. history of the Low Countries.

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FOULON (WILLIAM), a Dutch Latin poet, styled by himself, in allusion to his real name, Gulielmus Gnaphæus, was born in 1483, at the Hague, and became master of school in that place. He wrote several comedies in Latin, which sometimes have been sought by foreign collectors, rather as rare than for their intrinsic merit; yet the "Acolastus" is common and cheap in this country. We know of three of these comedies: 1. " Martyrium Johannis Pistorii," Leyden. 2. "Hypocrisis," a tragi-comedy, 1554. 3. "Acolastus, de filio prodigo," a comedy: all He died at Horden in Friezeland, where he had arrived to the rank of a burgomaster, in 1558. Many critics would say that nothing very lively could be expected in the comedies of a Dutch burgomaster. His "Acolastus" was reprinted at Paris, in 1554, with elaborate notes by Gabriel Prateolus; and is said, in the title, to be formed so diligently of sentences from Plautus and Terence, that to interpret it might serve as an extensive comment on both those authors.3

in 8vo.

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FOUNTAINE (SIR ANDREW), knt. whose ancestors were seated at Narford, in Norfolk, so early as the reign of Henry III. was educated as a commoner of Christchurch, Oxford, under the care of that eminent encourager of literature, Dr. Aldrich. He at the same time studied under Dr. Hickes the Anglo-Saxon language, and its antiquities; of which he published a specimen in Hickes's "Thesaurus," under the title of "Numismata Anglo-Saxonica et Anglo-Danica, breviter illustrata ab Andreâ Fountaine, eq. aur. & ædis Christi Oxon. alumno. Oxon. 1705," in which year Mr. Hearne dedicated to him his edition of Justin the historian. He received the honour of knighthood from king William; and travelled over most parts of Europe, where he made a large and valuable collection of pictures, ancient statues, medals, and inscriptions; and, while in Italy, acquired such a knowledge of virtù, that the dealers in antiquities were not able to impose on him. In 1709 his judgment and fancy were exerted in embellishing the "Tale of a Tub" with designs almost equal to the excellent satire they illustrate. At this period he enjoyed the friendship of the most distinguished wits, and of Swift in particular, who repeatedly mentions him in the Journal to Stella in terms of high regard. In December, 1710, when sir Andrew was given over by his physicians, Swift visited him, foretold his recovery, and rejoiced at it; though he humourously says, "I have lost a legacy by his living; for he told me he had left me a picture and some books," &c. Sir Andrew was' vice-chamberlain to queen Caroline while princess of Wales, and after she was queen. He was also tutor to' prince William, for whom he was installed (as proxy): knight of the Bath, and had on that occasion a patent granted him, dated Jan. 14, 1725, for adding supporters to his arms. Elizabeth his sister, married colonel Clent of Knightwick, in Worcestershire. Of his skill and judgment in medals ancient and modern, he made no trifling profit, by furnishing the most considerable cabinets of this kingdom; but if, as Dr. Warton tells us, Annius in the "Dunciad" was meant for him, his traffic was not always' of the most honourable kind. In 1727 he was appointed warden of the mint, au office which he held till his death," which happened Sept. 4, 1753. He was buried at Narford, in Norfolk, where he had erected an elegant seat, and formed a fine collection of old china ware, a valuable

library, an excellent collection of pictures, coins, and many curious pieces of antiquity. Sir Andrew lost many miniatures by a fire at White's original chocolate-house, in St. James's-street, where he had hired two rooms for his collections. A portrait of him, by Mr. Hoare of Bath, is in the collection at Wilton house; and two medals of him are engraved in Snelling's " English Medals," 1776. Montfaucon, in the preface to "L'Antiquité Expliquée," calls sir Andrew Fountaine an able antiquary, and says that, during his stay at Paris, that gentleman furnished him with every piece of antiquity that he had collected, which could be of use to his work; several were accordingly engraved and described, as appears by sir Andrew's name on the plates. 1

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FOUQUIERES (JAMES), a Flemish painter of the 17th century, born at Antwerp in 1580, was one of the most learned and celebrated of landscape painters. Some have placed him so near Titian, as to make the difference of their pictures consist, rather in the countries represented, than in the goodness of the pieces. The principles they went upon are the same, and their colouring alike good and regular. He painted for Rubens, of whom he learned the essentials of his art. The elector palatine employed him at Heidelberg, and from thence he went to Paris, where, though he worked a long time, and was well paid, yet he grew poor for want of conduct, and died 1659, in the house of an ordinary painter called Silvain, who lived in the suburbs of St. Jaques.

FOURCROY (ANTHONY FRANCIS), an eminent French chemist, was born at Paris June 15, 1755, where his father was an apothecary, of the same family with the subject of the succeeding article. In his ninth year he was sent to the college of Harcourt, and at fourteen he completed the studies which were at that time thought necessary. Having an early attachment to music and lively poetry, he attempted to write for the theatre, and had no higher ambition than to become a player, but the bad success of one of his friends who had encouraged this taste, cured him of it, and for two years he directed his attention to commerce. At the end of this time an intimate friend of his father persuaded him to study medicine, and

1 Nichols's Bowyer.-Bowles's edit. of Pope, vol. V. p. 302.—Swift's Works; see Index. 2 D'Argenville,-Pilkington, and Strutt.

accordingly he devoted his talents to anatomy, botany, chemistry, and natural history. About two years after, in 1776, he published a translation of Ramazzini, "on the diseases of artisans," which he enriched with notes and illustrations derived from chemical theories which were then quite new. In 1780, he received the degree of M. D. and regent of that faculty, in spite of a very con siderable opposition from his brethren, and. from this time his chemical opinions and discoveries, rendered him universally known and respected. The fertility of his imagination, joined to a style equally easy and elegant, with great precision, attracted the attention of a numerous school. In 1784, on the death of Macquer, he obtained the professorship of chemistry in the Royal Gardens, and the year following he was admitted into the academy of sciences, of the section of anatomy, but was afterwards admitted to that of chemistry, for which he was more emi nently qualified. In 1787, he in conjunction with his countrymen De Morveau, Lavoisier, and Berthollet, proposed the new chemical nomenclature, which after some opposition, effected a revolution in chemical studies. (See LAVOISIER.) Although constantly occupied in scien tific experiments, and in publishing various works on subjects of medicine, chemistry, and natural history, he fell into the popular delusion about the time of the revolution, and in 1792 was appointed elector of the city of Paris, and afterwards provisional deputy to the national convention, which, however, he did not enter until after the death of the king.

In Sept. 1793, he obtained the adoption of a project for the regulation of weights and measures, was chosen secretary in October, and in December following president of the Jacobins, who denounced him for his silence in the convention. This he answered by pleading his avocations and chemical labours, by which, he who had been born without any fortune, had been able to maintain his father and sisters. In Sept. 1794, he became a member of the com→ mittee of public safety, and was again elected to it in Feb. 1795. Besides proposing some improvements in the equipment of the armies, which were then contending with all the powers of Europe, he was particularly engaged in schools and establishments for education, to which new names, as polytechnic, normal, &c. were given, that they might consign to oblivion as much as possible the ancient

institutions of France. The re-election of two thirds of the convention removed him to the council of elders, one of the fantastical modes of government established in 1795, where, in November, he had to refute several, charges levelled against him respecting the murder of Lavoisier. He was afterwards nominated professor of chemistry, and a member of the institute; and in May 1797, left the council. During the time he could spare from his public employments, he continued to cultivate his more. honourable studies, and had attained the highest rank among the men of science whom the revolutionary tri-: bunals had spared, when he died Dec. 16, 1809. At this period he was a counsellor of state for life, a count of the empire, a commander of the legion of honour, director-: general of public instruction, a member of the national institute, professor of chemistry in the medical and polytechnic schools, and in the museum of natural history, and. a member of most of the learned societies of Europe.

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Fourcroy's works rank among the most considerable which France has produced in chemistry, and must be allowed in a great measure to confirm the high encomiums which his countrymen have bestowed on him, not only as a profound, but a pleasing and elegant writer. He published, 1. "The translation of Ramazzini," before-mentioned. 2." Leçons elementaires d'histoire naturelle et de chimie," 1782, 2 vols. 8vo, of which there have been: many editions, the last in 1794, 5 vols. 8vo. 3. "Memoires et observations pour servir de suite aux elemens de chimie," 1784, 8vo. 4. "Principes de chimie a l'usage de l'ecole veterinaire," 2 vols. 12mo. 5. "L'art de connoitre et d'employer les medicamens: dans les maladies qui at taquent le corps humain," 1785, 2 vols. 8vo. 6. "Entamologia Parisiensis" by Geoffroy, an improved edition, 1785, 2 vols. 12mo. 7. "Methode de nomenclature chimique proposer par Morveau, &c." with a new system of chemical characters, 1787, 8vo. 8. "Essai sur le phlo gistique, et sur la constitution des acides," from the Eng lish of Kirwan, with notes by Morveau, Lavoisier, Ber tholet, and Fourcroy, 1788, 8vo. 9. "Analyse chimique de l'eau sulphureuse d'Enghein, pour servir a l'histoire des eaux sulphureuse en general," by Fourcroy & La Porte, 1788, 8vo. 10. "Annales de Chimie," by Fourcroy and all the French chemists, published periodically from 1789 to 1794, 18 vols. 8vo. 11. "La Medicine

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