great day of atonement. Having received the two

ticed: we mean the scape-goat of the The ceremony is described in Lev. xvi. goats at the hands of the representatives of the congregation, the high priest proceeded to cast lots, for determining that which should be "for the Lord," i. e., sacrificed; and that which should be "for Azazel," i. e., for the scape-goat. This being settled, and the one marked for the sacrifice having been slain, and the mercy-seat sprinkled with its blood, the scape-goat was to be sent away into the wilderness; which was done in the following manner: The high priest, and the stationary-men, who represented the whole congregation of the people, laid their hands upon its head, and confessed over it all the iniquities of the people, and all their transgressions in all their sins, putting them on the head of the goat, verses 20, 21. By this ceremony, says Witsius, the sinner deprecated the wrath of GOD, and prayed that it might fall on the head of that victim which he put in his own stead. This being done, it was delivered to the person appointed to lead it away, that he might bear away all their iniquities to a land of separation, where they should be remembered no more, verse 22. It is observable, that the two goats seem to make but one sacrifice; yet only one of them was slain. Hence, they have been thought to point out both the divine and human natures of the SAVIOUR, and to typify both his death and resurrection. The goat which was slain prefigured his human nature and his death; and the scape-goat pointed out his resurrection: the one represented the atonement made for the sins of the world, as the ground of justification; the other, CHRIST's victory, and the removal of sin, in the sanctification of the soul.

The hair of the goat is of two kinds; the one, long and coarse, is used in the manufacture of tent curtains, sails, and other fabrics of the same kind; the other is much finer, growing under the former, and is fabricated into stuffs, which almost equal silk in fine-、 Of the coarse kind of hair, were manufactured the curtains for the tabernacle (Exod. xxvi. 7; xxx. 26), and it is still used in the East as a covering for tents.

ness.

The tresses of the bride, in the Canticles, are compared to a flock of goats from Mount Gilead (ch. iv.), that is, to their hair, which is generally long and of a black color, or very brown, such as that of a lovely brunett may be supposed to be. The celebrated author of Theron and Aspasio, however, gives the allusion a different turn. The amiableness of the church, in the exemplary conversation of true believers, is displayed by a copious growth of hair, which flows down from the parted forehead in decent curls. Thy hair is as a flock of goats that are seen afar off, and appear in a pendent attitude, from the summit of Mount Gilead, most agreeably adorning the place, and detaining the spectator's eye. This exposition takes in a circumstance which corresponds with the pensile position of the hair; renders the comparison more full and exact; and is, according to the observation of a most accurate judge, one of the most remarkable objects in such a prospect.

ANCIENT SHOES AND SANDALS.

THE invention of this useful article of dress must necessarily be attributed to a very remote period in the history of the world, for as soon as mankind had made even a moderate progress in the arts of life, their attention would naturally be directed to the contrivance of some method for preserving the soles of the feet from injury. In preparing a covering for the head, the most delicate materials, such as straw, shavings of wood, &c., were in the first instance resorted to, the only object being to protect the head from the heat of the sun, and occasionally from rain; but any substance calculated to guard the feet from injury, must be capable of enduring much wear and tear. On this account it is, that the earliest coverings for the feet, of which any traces exist, were formed of leather.

The first three engravings represent shoes, or rather sandals (for the covering of the upper part of the foot is a much later invention), of Egyptian manufacture, and show the high state of civilization in Egypt nearly three thousand years ago.

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The sandals of the Greeks are the next we have to notice; and in these, the upper part of the foot is still left uncovered, although, perhaps, greater dexterity is exhibited in the different methods of

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fastening them on the feet. Much uncertainty, however, exists, as to the correct forms of the sandals of this celebrated nation, as most of the statues which have been preserved are greatly damaged, and the feet have been restored by modern artists: in addition to this, the greater number of the statues of their heroes or gods, are represented with their bare feet. The form of the coverings for the feet of the ancient Romans is evidently derived from the Greeks, but they assumed a greater variety of shapes; in general, however, the upper part of the foot was either wholly or partially covered. The engraving, No. 4, represents what may, perhaps, be most appropriately called a boot.

The four next engravings (Nos. 6, 7, 8, 9) are representations of ancient shoes and sandals, of different kinds. The first, with

spikes attached to the sole, is, evidently, intended for the purpose of rendering the wearer sure-footed, in ascending or descending steep acclivities, or in crossing plains of ice, or frozen snow. The next is almost a perfect shoe, but to what nation it belonged is uncertain. The third is a species of wooden clog, and is almost similar to those worn at the present day by the ladies of Syria. The fourth appears to be formed of leather; it is copied from an ancient fragment, but it is uncertain to what country it is to be attributed.

Referring to the shoes of modern nations, the first, and perhaps the most antique, are those worn by the Chinese. Like every other article of dress of this singular people, the shoes of the richer class are chiefly formed of silk, and beautifully embroidered. Nos. 10 and 11 represent the foot and shoe of a Chinese lady of rank, which, from its extremely small size, was, no doubt, of the most fashionable form.

This strange desire of the Chinese females of all ranks, to reduce the size of their feet, is only another proof of the inconveniences and torments which have been endured for fashion's sake; and, although at first sight it appears extremely singular, it is not a whit more unnatural than the tight lacing of the ladies of the present age. To such an extent is this practice carried, that, says Lord Macartney, "Even among the middle and inferior classes, the feet were unnaturally small, or rather truncated. They appear as if the fore-part of the foot had been accidentally cut off, leaving the remainder of the usual size, and bandaged like the stump of an amputated limb; they undergo, indeed, much torment, and cripple themselves in a great measure, in imitation of ladies of higher rank, among whom it is the custom to stop, by pressure, the growth of the ankle, as well as the foot, from the earliest infancy; and leaving the great toe in its natural position, forcibly to bend the others, and retain them under the foot, till at length they adhere to it, as if buried in the sole, and can no more be separated. Notwithstanding the pliability of the human frame in tender years, its tendency to expansion at that period, must, whenever it is counteracted, occasion great pain to those who are so treated; and before the ambition of being admired takes possession of these victims of fashion, it requires the vigilance of their female parents to prevent their relieving themselves from the firm and tight compresses which bind their feet and ankles. When these compresses are constantly and carefully kept on, the feet are symmetrically small. The young creatures are, indeed, obliged for a considerable time, to be supported when they attempt to walk; but even afterward they totter, and always walk upon their heels. Some of the very lowest classes of the Chinese, of a race confined chiefly to the mountains, and remote places, have not adopted this unnatural custom. But the females of this class are held by the rest in the utmost degree of contempt, and are employed only in the most menial domestic offices.

"So inveterate is the custom which gives pre-eminence to mutilated over perfect limbs, that the interpreter averred, and every subsequent information confirmed the assertion, that if of two sisters, otherwise every way equal, the one had been thus maimed,

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while nature had been suffered to make its usual progress in the other, the latter would be considered as in an abject state, unworthy of associating with the rest of the family, and doomed to perpetual obscurity, and the drudgery of servitude."

How this singular fashion arose, is uncertain; the common story in China is, that a certain lady of very high rank, happened to be gifted by nature with extremely small feet, and, no doubt, took good care that her advantage over the rest of her sex, should not be unknown; this naturally excited the emulation of others, and an endeavor was made to supply by art, that which was considered a deficiency on the part of nature.

This curious covering for the leg and foot (No. 12), was in use among the Anglo-Saxons, it was employed chiefly by the higher classes, and by the clergy in general; a shoe was also worn along with it. These leg bandages, or garters, were at times very richly embroidered, and sometimes instead of being rolled one way, as in our engraving, they were employed and bound round contrary ways, so that, when they were of two colors, the appearance resembled a Highland stocking; this was called crossgartering.

The shoes of the Anglo-Saxons were very simple, but at the same time, well contrived for comfort; they were usually tied at the instep by a leather thong.

After the time of the Anglo-Saxons, when the nation began to import its fashions from other countries, the form of the boots and shoes was constantly varying; indeed, they appear to have been made rather according to the whim or caprice of the wearer, than in consequence of any settled fashion; we must not, however, omit to notice the long-toed boot (No. 15), so much worn in the reign of Richard the Second. It is said by historians that these were so inconvenient in walking that the wearer was obliged to loop them up to the knee by means of metal chains; it is also said that once on the field of battle, the young cavaliers were so encumbered by these unnaturally long toes, that they were obliged to cut them off in the heat of the conflict.