the dissenters. "The Corporation," said the recorder Levinz, "is your
Majesty's creature, and depends merely on the will of its creator, and
the sole intimation of your Majesty's pleasure shall ever have with us
the force of a fundamental law." Cf. Ormerod's History of the
County Palatine and City of Chester, vol. i. p. 211. Nor in the
diocese of Bishop Cartwright (of whose character see p. 27 supra)
were obedient clergymen wanting to acknowledge the King's supre-
macy, and their duty to publish in their churches whatever was
enjoined by the King or by their Bishop. See Echard, vol. iii.
p. 876.
"James thought himself secure of the Tories, because they
professed to consider all resistance as sinful—and of the Protestant
Dissenters, because he offered them relief. He was in the wrong as
to both. The error into which he fell about the Dissenters was very
natural. But the confidence which he placed in the loyal assurances
of the High Church party was the most exquisitely ludicrous proof of
folly that a politician ever gave." Macaulay's Review of Sir James
Mackintosh's History of the Revolution.

Parliamentum Pacificum: or, The Happy Union of King and Peo- C. L. ple in an Healing Parliament: heartily wish't for and humbly recommended, by a true Protestant and no Dissenter.

4to Lond. 1688 This tract contains severe animadversions on Pensioner Fagel and Dr. Burnet.

A Letter of several French Ministers fled into Germany upon the
account of the Persecution in France, to such of their Bre-
thren in England as approved the King's Declaration touch-
ing Liberty of Conscience.
pp. 7, 4to Lond, 1688

CHAP. V.

Of the Discourses written in the representing controversy.

51.A papist misrepresented and represented, or a twofold character of popery. The one containing a sum of the superstitions, idolatries, cruelties, treacheries, and wicked principles of that popery which hath disturbed this nation above 150 years; filled it with fears and jealousies, and deserves the hatred of all good christians. The other laying open that popery which the papists own and profess; with the chief articles of their faith, and some of the principal grounds and reasons which hold them in that religion. [Narraverunt mihi iniqui fabutiones: sed non ut lex tua. Psal. 119 [sic] v. 85.] By J L- [pp. 128 and R. C. Principles, pp. 1-8], s.l. 4to 1685. [To which is annexed, Roman-catholic principles, in reference to God and the King.] And note, there are two more parts of this book. See Nos. 63, 72, infra. And four defences of this part. See Nos. 53, 56, 58, 60, infra.

Dodd attributes this book to John Gother, or Goter. I suppose the initial letters stand for Joannes Lisboensis. "John Goter: born in Southampton, educated a member of the church of England [compare the Introduction to No. 51, p. xi.] but afterwards becoming a catholick was sent over to the English College at Lisboe; where he was ordained priest and returned back into England upon the mission. He resided for the greatest part of his time in London; and appeared at the head of the controversial writers, all king James Second's reign." vol. iii. p. 482. The date 1665 found in some copies was probably intended to mislead his adversaries, because, as Dr. Todd observes, the author says expressly in the Pref. to part iii. (No. 72 infra) that the work was not published until 1685: "This book was not publish'd till after the adjourning of the first sitting of Parliament 1685, and at the opening of that Parliament the assault was given by Dr. Sherlock in his Sermon before the two Houses," (sheet a, p. 8.) "Gother's

work has always continued to be in great repute among Papists. It was republished in an abridged and expurgated form by their great champion Bishop Challoner, who was Vicar Apostolic of the London district from 1741 to 1780. It has often been reprinted since, and the twenty-eighth edition was published at London in 1832." Cunningham's Preface, etc. ut infra.

On the tract, Roman Catholic Principles, see page 6, supra.

The declaration of indulgence was both preceded and followed by one of the most fierce polemical controversies between Romanists and Protestants which ever agitated England. Burnet, who was deeply engaged in it, gives the following account of the manner in which it was carried on by the church of England: "Many of the clergy acted now a part that made good amends for past errors. They began to preach generally against popery, which the dissenters did not. They set themselves to study the points of controversy; and, upon that, there followed a great variety of small books that were easily purchased and soon read. They examined all the points of popery with a solidity of judgment, a clearness of arguing, a depth of learning, and a vivacity of writing, far beyond anything that had before that time. appeared in our language. The truth is, they were very unequally yoked; for, if they are justly to be reckoned among the best writers that have yet appeared on the protestant side, those they wrote against were certainly among the weakest that had ever appeared on the popish side. Their books were poorly, but insolently writ, and had no other learning in them but what was taken out of some French writers which they put into very bad English; so that a victory over them might have been but a mean performance.

"This had a mighty effect on the whole nation; even those who could not search things to the bottom, yet were amazed at the great inequality that appeared in this engagement. The papists who knew what service the Bishop of Meaux's book had done in France, resolved to pursue the same method here, in several treatises, which they entitled, Papists Represented and Misrepresented;' to which such clear answers were writ, that what effect soever that artifice might have where it was supported by the authority of a great king, and the terror of ill usage and a dragoonade in conclusion, yet it succeeded so ill in England, that it gave occasion to enquire into the true opinions of that church, not as some artful writers had disguised them, but as

they are laid down in the books that are of authority among them, such as the decisions of council received among them and their established offices, and as they are held at Rome, and in all those countries where popery prevails without any intermixture with hereticks, or apprehension of them, as in Spain and Portugal. This was done in so authentical a manner, that popery itself was never so well understood by the nation as it came to be upon this occasion. The persons who managed and directed this controversial war were chiefly Tillotson, Stillingfleet, Tennison, and Patrick; next them were Sherlock, Williams, Claget, Gee, Aldrich, Atterbury, Whitby, Hooper; and, above all these, Wake, who, having been long in France chaplain to the Lord Preston, brought over with him many curious discoveries that were both useful and surprising. Besides the chief writers of those books of controversy, there were many sermons preached and printed on those heads that did very much edify the whole nation. And this matter was managed with that concert, that, for the most part once a week, some new book or sermon came out which both instructed and amused those who read them." Fol. 1724, p. 673-4. See [Cat. 4.] Contin. p. 10.

C.L. 52. The doctrines and practices of the church of Rome truly represented, in answer to a book intitled a papist misrepresented and represented. By Edward Stillingfleet, D.D. Works, fol. vol. vi. (Gibson, vol. xvi. fol. iii.) pp. 164, 4to Lond. 1686 See Cat. No. 17. Contin. p. 10. Fasti Oxon. vol. ii. col. 118. Reprinted, with a preface and notes, by William Cunningham, D.D., Professor of Divinity and Church History, New College, Edinburgh. A new edition, revised. Edinburgh, 1845.

C.L. 53. Reflections upon the answer to the papist misrepresented; directed to the answerer. pp. 119, 4to, sans date

See [State, p. 11] Contin. p. 10. The Bodl. Cat. gives the date and imprint. Lond. 1686.

C. L. 54. A papist not misrepresented by protestants; being a reply to the reflections upon the answer to a papist not misrepresented and represented. By William Sherlock, DD.

See Cat. No. 18. [State, p. 11.] Contin. p. 10. Born about 1601, died 1707. "While sermons in defence of the Roman Catholic religion were preached on every Sunday and holiday within the precincts of the royal palaces, the church of the state, the church of the great majority of the nation, was forbidden to explain and vindicate her own principles. The spirit of the whole clerical order rose against this injustice. William Sherlock, a divine of distinguished abilities, who had written with sharpness against Whigs and Dissenters, and had been rewarded by the government with the Mastership of the Temple and with a pension, was one of the first who incurred the royal displeasure. His pension was stopped, and he was severely reprimanded."-Macaulay.

55. Remarks upon the reflections of the Author of Popery Misre- C.L. presented &c. on his Answerer; particularly as to the Deposing doctrine. In a letter to the Author of the Reflections. Together with some few Animadversions on the same Author's Vindication of his Reflections.

pp. 68, 4to 1686

See Cat. No. 19. Ath. Oxon. vol. ii. p. 1000. [Edit. Bliss, vol. iv. col. 563.] This book is anon., but was written by Abednego Seller, rector of Combeintin-head, Devon. Neither Gee nor Peck appear ever to have seen this work, for both give the title incorrectly, Peck copying from Gee, who calls the author Mr. A. Seller" of Plymouth," whence Peck styles him "minister of Plymouth." The title is correctly given above. This book is an answer to the Reflections (No. 53) and to the Vindication of the Reflections (No. 56.) J. H. T.

56. Papists protesting against Protestant-Popery. In answer to C. L. a Discourse intitled, A Papist not Misrepresented by Protestants, being a Vindication of the Papist Misrepresented and Represented, and the Reflexions upon the Answer. [Anon. By the Author of No. 51.]

See [State, p. 11.] Contin. p. 10.

pp. 38, 4to Lond. 1686 Gee and Peck not having seen

this tract, or the former, have given the title in an abridged form, and
Peck has placed it after instead of before 55, not knowing that 55
was a reply to it. J. H. T.

Р