with veneration and respect; the regulations which he framed for the government of the workmen, and the establishments which he formed for their benefit, having been attended, with the most salu-, tary effects. The code of laws which he drew up, with certain. amendments and additions, that have since been deemed expe dient, have, to a certain extent, superseded the general law of the land, and become locally established. "To put those laws in exe cution, a court of arbitrators (chosen from the superior classes of those employed) was constituted at Winlaton, to be holden every ten weeks for hearing and determining cases among the workmen, to which all have an appeal: the fees are fixed beyond innovation, at a moderate rate. This institution has the most happy and extensive use it quiets the differences of the people, settles their claims to justice in an easy and expeditious manner, preserves them from the expences and distress of common law, and the noisome miseries of a prison. As a further protection to civilization, schools are established at Winlaton, Winlaton Mill, and Swalwell, for the sole benefit of the workmens' children, where they are instructed in reading, writing, and accounts. The poor and distressed were also the objects of the founder's solicitude; and he appointed a surgeon for the relief of all the persons employed, by whose timely assistance many lives and limbs have been preserved to the public. When a workman is ill, he has money advanced by the agent; when superannuated, or disabled, he has a weekly maintenance; and when he dies, his family is provided for."* Each of the workmen is allowed a convenient house, with plenty of coal, and a small piece of ground for a garden, Some new steel-works have lately been established here. WINLATON is situated on a high ridge of land, inclining to the Derwent and Tyne rivers. Before the introduction of the ironworks, it only consisted of a few deserted cottages, but now contains upwards of 580 houses, and 3021 inhabitants; most of whom are employed in the manufacture of nails, &c. WINLATON MILL was originally built for grinding corn; but having been apM 3 propriated Hutchinson's Durham, Vol. II. p. 443. verable, but so obscured by buildings, as to render it almost impracticable to ascertain the exact dimensions of the camp, though it appears to have formed a square of about 160 paces, Within the area stands the Church, and several cottages. Many Roman inscriptions, and other remains, have been found here; and particularly an urn, of an uncommon form, nearly a yard high, though not above seven inches wide, and having in the centre a small cup, imagined to have been used either as a lachrimatory, or pateræ. This, as appears from a manuscript note by Dr. Hunter, written on the margin of the Britannia, was discovered by a ploughman, in a cavity formed by six upright stones, covered by a seventh, against which the coulter of the plough had struck. Several of the inscriptions, and other remains, dug up here, have been noticed by Dr. Hunter in the Philosophical Transactions. Among them is a figure on a grave-stone near the church door, described as a man in a Roman dress: on this, which is represented in the Britannia Romana, Mr. Horsley's remarks are as follows. "The image is very obscure; nor do I see how it can be discerned, whether it has been male or female; for there is no inscription, and the features are quite gone; there have been two dolphins, one on each side the figure, which is somewhat peculiar. 'I doubt not but it has been sepulchral; and that the image was intended to represent the person deceased." following quotation may not be impertinent. erected their own tombs in their life-time, they often left the inscriptions, and sometimes their effigies, to be cut by their relations or friends after their decease. So Corius, in his description of a large funeral vault lately discovered near Rome, has given us the draught of a marble coffin, with the bust of the deceased person cut upon the side, but only a round ball for the head, which, doubtless, was designed to have been afterwards finished; and upon another there is a whole human figure, finished, except the head, which is left in the same manner as the former. And in On this subject the "When the ancients several Gibson's Camden. several of the niches made in the side of the monument which contained two urns, the inscription is cut over one only; and that part of the stone which was found over the other is empty, the person being then living for whom that urn was designed."* Among the inscribed stones, is one erroneously referred, by Bishop Gibson, to Lanchester; though Dr. Hunter's account proves that it was found here; it is stated by Horsley to be se pulchral, having the single word HAVE for AVE, as Grute, Have Melitina suavissima. "The custom of thus saluting, as it were, the dead, or taking their last farewell of them, is very well known, and it may seem almost needless to produce any instances of it. Thus Eneas bids eternal adieu to Pallas:"+ Salve æternum mihi, maxume Palla Eternumque vale. ENEID. XI. 97. Thus also a passage in Catullus: Ave atque vale. Various other stones found here, were inscribed with centurial marks, and letters referring to cohorts of different legions. Several Roman altars have also been discovered at this station: one of them, erected fo the local God Vitires, has this inscription: DEO MXIMI y s The letters, observes Horsley," are meanly cut. On one side of the altar is a boar, and a toad on the other." On the face of another altar, referred, by this writer, to Northumberland, but actually removed from a barn at Ebchester, by order of Dr. Montague, late Dean of Durham, and deposited in the Dean and Chapter's Library, with most of the above remains, was a mutilated inscription, which he reads thus: Minerva Julius Gnenius Actarius cohortis quartæ Brittonum Antoniniæ votum solvit libentissime merito. Actarius was the appellation of an officer who used Gov. Monument Liv. Aug. p. 20. + Britannia Romana, p. 288. used to provide corn for the troops, Since the time of the above antiquary, several other inscribed stones and altars have been found, and are represented in the History of Durham, Vol. II. p. 433. Mr. Hutchinson observes, that the Great Roman Road, which led to this station from the southward, is remarkably perfect where the inclosures of common lands had not been made. "It is formed in three distinct parts, with four ditches; a centre road, probably for carriages and cavalry, forty-two feet in width, with a narrow road on each side, for foot passengers, twelve feet wide.” Some vestiges of a square watch tower, between one and two miles to the south, have been noticed by Dr. Hunter. Over a deep and romantic dell, called CAUSEY BURNE, near Tanfield, is a remarkable Arch, constructed about the year 1729, to obtain a level for the passage of coal waggons. The span of the arch is 103 feet: it springs from abutments about nine feet high, and being semicircular, the entire elevation is about sixty feet. The level is preserved by embankments of earth, in some places forty feet high. The expence of constructing it, is said to have been 12,000l. This was defrayed by the Associates, locally termed the Grand Allies. The name of the architect appears to have been Ralph Wood, a common mason, who is reported to have built a former arch, which fell for want of weight; and that a dread of the second arch experiencing the same fate, induced him to commit suicide. CHESTER-LE-STREET, a respectable village, pleasantly situated in a valley to the west of the river Wear, and on the Roman Military Way leading to Newcastle, is supposed, by Camden, to be the Condercam of the Romans; but, apparently, from insufficient evidence; no inscriptions, nor other data, having been found to warrant the position. By the Saxons it was called Cunecastre, or Cuncugester, and under that name became the episco. pal See of Durham; Eardulph, then Bishop, having removed his ther from Crake-Minster about the year 883, and built a Church for the reception of St. Cuthbert's body. Egelric, fourth Bishop of Durham, dissatisfied with the humble church of wooden mate rials rials which his predecessor had raised, erected a more magnificent fabric. During the progress of the work, much treasure was discovered, which the Bishop transferred to aggrandise the monastery of Peterborough, where he had been a monk. After the See had been removed to Durham, this place, divested of its state and authority, became a mere parochial rectory, till Bishop Beck made the Church collegiate, and established a Dean, with seven Prebendaries, five Chaplains, three Deacons, &c. Thus it continued till the Dissolution, when what was estimated in the reign of Edward the First, at 1461. 13s. 4d, had no higher valua tion in the twentieth of Henry the Eighth, than 77l. 12s. 8d. The present Church is a handsome stone edifice, with a nave, side aisles, and tower: the base of the latter is of a square form; but above the roof of the Church it assumes an octagonal shape, apparently more modern; and is terminated by a very elegant stone spire, one of the finest in the north of England; the entire height is 156 feet. The interior is neat, and well preserved; it 'contains a singular arrangement of monuments with effigies of the deceased ancestry of the noble family of Lumley. The series is as follows: Liulph, the unhappy minister of Bishop Walcher, who was massacred at Gateshead during the reign of Utredus filius Liulphi, William de Lumley. mil. William de Lumley. Roger, temp. Robert de Lumley. Sir Marmaduke de Lumley, temp. Edward the Third. Ralph, first Lord of Lumley, temp. Henry the Fourth. Sir John Lumley, temp. Henry the Fifth. George, Lord Lumley, temp. Edward the Fourth. Sir Thomas Lumley, temp. Henry the Seventh. Richard, Lord Lumley, temp. Henry the Eighth. John, Lord Lumley, temp. Henry the Eighth.* William the First. Willian Lumley, Edward the First. The Deanery-House, now the seat of the ancient family of Hedworth, is very pleasantly situated; it commands a fine view of Lumley Castle, and is surrounded by excellent meadow grounds. The manor of Chester Deanery is copyhold, belonging to the Bishop, * A very particular description of these figures is inserted in Hutchinson's Durham, Vol. II. p. 392. |