sixty-three each quorum having seven Presidents. There are sixtyeight quorums of Seventies organized in Utah Territory.

High-priests.-There is a quorum of High-priests, the numerical extent of which is not defined. This quorum has a President and two

Counselors.

There are also quorums of Elders, Priests, Teachers, and Deacons. The Seventies and High-priests in the various settlements in the Territory have meetings, and are regulated by a local Presidency, separate from, but subservient to, the standing Presidencies of their quorums.

John Smith, son of Hiram, is Presiding Patriarch. There are several Patriarchs in the Church.

High Council.-There is a High Council, composed of twelve members, organized at Salt Lake City, and in all the principal settlements of the Territory.

Bishops.-The Territory is divided into wards; over each ward is a Bishop with two Counselors. Great Salt Lake City is divided into twenty wards. Edward Hunter is the Presiding Bishop.

Membership. In the Territory the numerical membership of the Church will nearly correspond with the population. Throughout the United States there are branches and members of the Church, but at present so unorganized that the number is not known.

There are organized branches and conferences of the Church throughout England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Denmark, Norway, Switzerland, Germany, and other parts of the world.

At the beginning of the year 1867, the Territorial Governor of Utah was Charles Durkce, and the Delegate from the Territory to the 39th Congress was William H. Hooper, of Salt Lake City. The Territorial elections are held on the first Monday in August, and the Territorial Legislature, consisting of a Council and House of Representatives, meets on the second Monday in December.

WASHINGTON.

THIS Territory occupies the extreme north-west portion of the domain of the United States. It is bounded on the north by the Straits of Juan de Fuca (which separate it from Vancouver's Island) and British America, east by Idaho, south by Oregon, (the Columbia River forming about half the boundary line,) and west by the Pacific Ocean. It lies (with the exception of a small bend in the Columbia River) between 46 and 49° north latitude, and between 117° and 125° west longitude. It was organized in 1853, and contained originally nearly double its present area. It embraces now probably about 70,000 square miles.

FACE OF THE COUNTRY AND MOUNTAINS.-The same general description of the surface as given in Oregon will apply to Washington, except

that the Blue Mountain range is more broken and scattered north of the Columbia River. The principal peaks of the Cascade Range in this division are Mount St. Helen's, Mount Adams, Mount Rainier, and Mount Baker. Mount Olympus, the highest peak of the Coast Range, has an elevation of 8,197 feet. Most of these peaks are clothed with perpetual snow. Mount St. Helen's and Mount Rainier have been respectively estimated at 13,300 and 12,000 feet elevation.

MINERALS. There has been little opportunity as yet to develop the mineral resources of this new Territory. Coal has, however, been discovered on or near Bellingham Bay, accompanied by the new red sandstone, which furnishes a fine building material, 20 or 30 miles up the Cowlitz River, and in the region about Puget's Sound, in abundance. Fossil copal exists on the shores of the Pacific, north of the Columbia River.

RIVERS, BAYS, SOUNDS, AND ISLANDS.-The Columbia River enters the Territory from British America, and crosses it first in a south-west and then in a south direction, till it arrives a little below 46° north latitude, when it turns westwardly and forms the south boundary, from the point just named to its mouth in the Pacific Ocean. This river divides Washington Territory into two parts, having the larger portion on the west; the Okanagan, from British America, is its principal branch on the north, and Yakima in the southern part of the Territory: both of these rivers enter the Columbia from the west. On the east, proceeding in order southwardly, its tributaries are the Flathead, or Clarke, Spokane, Saptin, or Lewis, and Walla Walla Rivers. The Clarke's and Lewis are large rivers, having their sources in the Rocky Mountains, and run in a north-west direction. The Cowlitz, the principal branch of the Columbia west of the Cascade Range, has a course of perhaps 100 miles. Chekalis or Chickalees, about 130 miles long, is the only river of importance discharging its waters directly into the Pacific from this Territory, except the Columbia. The Straits of Juan de Fuca, between Washington and Vancouver's Island, connect the Pacific Ocean with Admiralty Inlet, Puget's Sound, and Hood's Canal, all arms of a great bay extending about 60 or 70 miles in a south direction from the Gulf of Georgia, and all navigable for the largest ships which may moor to the very banks, such is the precipitousness of its shores. Gray's Harbor, an expansion at the mouth of the Chekalis River, in about 47° north latitude, has capacity for only a small amount of shipping. The Columbia, though navigable for ocean craft to the Cascades, is much obstructed near its mouth by sandbars and shallows, which make the navigation difficult, and have caused the loss of many vessels. The rest of this, as well as other rivers in Washington, are only navigable by boats and canoes, being much obstructed by rapids and falls. The principal of these are Kettle Falls, in the Columbia River, just below the mouth of Clarke's River. Shoalwater Bay, south of Gray's Harbor, opens into the Pacific by a narrow inlet. Bellingham Bay is an arm of the Gulf of Georgia near the north-west extremity of Washington. Elliott Bay is on the east side of Admiralty Inlet. The rivers of Washington, particularly west of the Cascade Mountains, having their sources

in those snowy summits, are liable to sudden floods, which inundate the lowlands on their shores. The rapids and falls abound in splendid sites for mill-seats. Cape Flattery, at the entrance of Juan de Fuca Straits, and Cape Disappointment, within the entrance of the Columbia River, are the principal capes. There are no large islands on this coast. The most important is Destruction, or Isle of Grief, about 40 miles south of Cape Flattery. In Admiralty Inlet is Whidby's Island, about 40 miles long, covered with fertile prairies, and noted for its deer. It has sufficient timber, but a scarcity of water. North-west of it are the Arroo Islands, so valuable for their fisheries.

OBJECTS OF INTEREST TO TOURISTS.-Washington shares with Oregon the grand scenery on the Columbia, the Cascades, the Dalles, and other interesting points. Here the lofty summits of Mount St. Helen's, Mount Adams, Mount Ranier, and Mount Baker rear their snowy peaks from the Cascade range, and Mount Olympus from the Coast Mountains. According to the Rev. G. Hines, "Mount St. Helen's, in the month of October, 1842, was observed to be covered with a dense cloud of smoke, which continued to enlarge and move off to the eastward, filling the heavens in that direction, and presenting an appearance like that occasioned by a tremendous conflagration, viewed at a vast distance. When the first volumes of smoke had passed away, it could be distinctly seen from various parts of the country that an eruption had taken place on the north side of St. Helen's, a little below the summit; and, from the smoke that continued to issue from the chasm or crater, it was pronounced to be a volcano in active operation. When the explosion took place, the wind was north-west, and on the same day, and extending from 30 to 50 miles to the south-east, there fell showers of ashes or dust, which covered the ground in some places so as to admit of its being collected in quantities. This last phenomenon has been of frequent occurrence, and has led many to suppose that volcanic eruptions are not uncommon in this country."

CLIMATE, SOIL, AND PRODUCTIONS.-The climate is very similar to that of Oregon, with some variations caused by difference of latitude and local peculiarities. The same may be said of the soil. The Cowlitz Valley is the most fertile portion of this territory, in which agriculture has been attempted. The Chehalis Valley on the west, is said to have 400,000 acres of excellent prairie and heavily-timbered land. The country immediately around Puget's Sound is represented as sandy and unfertile, but producing large fir and cedar trees. On going, however, some distance back from the sound, you come upon fine prairies and forests, and small lakes filled with fine fish and skirted with timber. Whidby's Island is also very fertile, but deficient in water. There are reported to be rich valleys on the streams flowing into Bellingham Bay. The valley of the Duwamish River, which flows into Elliott Bay, is very fertile, and is rapidly settling. The lowlands bordering on the streams are very productive, and covered densely with timber. Mr. T. Winthrop, of New York, who left that region in September, 1853, speaks of the country between Puget's Sound and the Cascade Mountains as heavily timbered, chiefly with fir, with some scattered prairies and dry

barrens, the latter covered with pebbles of trap-rock, and sparsely wooded with oak. Across the mountains, the land is open prairie, well watered, with small and thinly wooded valleys. The country to the north of this, belonging to the Flatheads, Mr, W. reports as more abundant in timber and well adapted to settlements. The arable land in Washington Territory, west of the Columbia River, is estimated at 22,000 square miles. Its Governor thus spoke of its resources in January, 1854: "You are unquestionably rightly informed as to the maritime advantages of Puget's Sound, in affording a series of harbors almost unequaled in the world for capacity, safety, and facility of access; nor need you be told of their neighborhood to what are now the best whaling grounds of the Pacific. It is, however, only recently that the settlement of this part of our country has commenced to develop its resources, or to show the advantage which may be derived from its position, and it is these points which I desire to bring to your notice. That portion of Washington Territory lying between the Cascade Mountains and the ocean, although equaling in richness of soil and ease of transportation the best portion of Oregon, is heavily timbered, and time and labor are required for clearing its forests and opening the earth to the production of its fruits. The great body of the country, on the other hand, stretching eastward from that range to the Rocky Mountains, while it contains many fertile valleys and much good land suited to the farmer, is yet more especially a grazing country, one which, as population increases, promises in its cattle, its horses, and above all, its wool, to open a new and vast field to American enterprise. But in the mean time the staple of the land must continue to be the one which nature herself has planted, in the inexhaustible forests of fir, of spruce, and of cedar. Either in furnishing manufactured timber or spars of the first description for vessels, Washington Territory is unsurpassed by any portion of the Pacific coast."

A more recent traveler, who visited Washington in the summer of 1865, thus writes of that portion of the Territory lying on Puget's Sound: "It is the great lumber market of all the Pacific coast. Already a dozen saw-mills are located on its shores; one, which we visited, was 336 feet long, and turns out 100,000 feet of lumber daily; three ships and two barks, of 500 to 1,000 tons each, were loading with the product direct from the mill; and the present entire export from the sound, in prepared lumber, and masts and spars, reaches nearly to one hundred millions of feet yearly, and yields, at the average price of ten dollars a thousand, about one million dollars. San Francisco is the largest customer; but the Sandwich Islands, China, all the Pacific American ports, south and north, and even Buenos Ayres, around on the Atlantic, come here for building materials, and France finds here her cheapest and best spars and masts. Much of the shipping employed in the business is owned on the sound; one mill company has three vessels of from three hundred to one thousand tons each. business is but in its very infancy; it will grow with the growth of the whole Pacific coast, and with the increasing dearth of fine ship-timber in other parts of the world for it is impossible to calculate the time

The

when, cut and saw as we may, all these forests shall be used up, and the supply become exhausted."

FOREST TREES.-Washington abounds in fine timber. Here is the same species of gigantic fir-tree which is found in Oregon and California, attaining a height of nearly 300 feet, and from 8 to 12 feet in diameter. The hills and valleys in the eastern part of the Territory, immediately west of the Rocky Mountains, are stated to be covered with a heavy growth of the finest timber. The forest trees around Puget's Sound are especially large, and comprise yellow fir, cedar, maple, oak, ash, spruce, hemlock, and alder. A recent correspondent states that there are at least 12 saw-mills at work, and 18 more in course of construction, and that there is lumber enough ready to freight a dozen ships. The cedar-tree of this region is represented as differing in some respects from either the red or white cedar of New England, though resembling both.

ANIMALS.-The forests abound in game and wild animals; among the latter are the elk, deer, bear, fox, otter, beaver, muskrat, and rabbit; and among birds, swans, geese, brant, gulls, ducks, eagles, grouse, pheasants, partridges, woodcock, hawks, ravens, and robins. Perhaps no region on the globe more abounds in fish than Washington. This is especially true of Puget's Sound and the adjoining waters. Cod, mackerel, halibut, herring, and flounders; and of shell-fish, the oyster, crab, clam, lobster, and many other species are found. The salmon resort to the Columbia and its tributaries in immense shoals.

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.-By the census of 1860, Washington Territory, which then included the northern portion of Idaho, and the north-western part of Montana, had 300,897 acres of unimproved land in farms, valued at $1,116,202. The value of agricultural implements and machinery was $202,506. The number of horses was 5,005; asses and mules, 178; milch cows, 10,034; working oxen, 2,777; other cattle, 16,072; sheep, 10,162; and swine, 9,836. The value of the live stock was $1,147,681, and of animals slaughtered during the year, $105,108. The yearly produce of wheat was 92,609 bushels; rye, 244; Indian corn, 4,792; oats, 158,001; wool, 20,720 pounds; peas and beans, 38,005 bushels; Irish potatoes, 191,354; barley, 1,715, and buckwheat, 977 bushels. The yearly value of the orchard products was $23,779, and of garden products for market, $27,749. The product of butter for the year was 157,802 pounds; cheese, 12,146 pounds; hay, 4,871 tons; beeswax, 564 pounds, and honey, 5,256 pounds. The home-made manufactures of the year were valued at $33,506.

MANUFACTURES.-There were in Washington Territory in 1860, according to the national census of that year, 52 manufacturing establishments, with a capital invested in the same of $1,296,700, using annually raw material, including fuel, valued at $505,000, employing, on an average, 886 male hands and 4 females, and producing yearly manufactured products valued at $1,405,000.

POPULATION.—The census of 1860 gave Washington Territory, as it then existed, an aggregate population of 11,594, beside tribal Indians estimated at 30,000. The number of white males in the Territory in