able, shifting, almost every day, to every point in the compass. Rain seldom falls between April and October; but when heavy showers do come, they are generally accompanied by thunder and hail, and sometimes with strong winds. Dr. Bernhisel and Mr. Snow say that the climate of Great Salt Lake City, in latitude 40° 45′ north, is milder and drier than the same parallel on the Atlantic coast, and the temperature more uniform, the thermometer rarely descending to zero. During three years, according to observation, the highest point attained by the thermometer was 100° above, and the lowest 5° below zero. The variation between the temperature of day and night, in midsummer, is from 20° to 40°. Frosts in Utah Valley fall as late as the last of May, and as early as the first of September.

SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS.-The most fertile portions of Utah are found in the valleys watered by the pure streams flowing from the neighboring mountains, and generally at the bases of the mountains the land is extremely fertile. The Mormon settlements occupy the valleys from north to south, lying mostly near the western base of Wasatch Mountains. These are highly fertile. Wheat, rye, barley, buckwheat, Indian corn, and the garden vegetables of the Middle States, are the products of Utah. There is a fine bunch-grass, which, owing to the dryness of the climate, does not decay, but furnishes fodder for the cattle during winter, without being cured. The Indian corn and vines are liable to be blighted by early and late frosts. The experiments in rearing fruits do not appear yet to have been sufficiently tested to pronounce definitely as to the congeniality of the climate with their healthful production. Peaches and other fruits, have, however, been raised. But the soil of the valleys is especially favorable to the production of the small grains. Fifty and sixty bushels to the acre is a very common crop of wheat, oats, and barley, and over ninety have been raised. But as on the plains, among the mountains, and on the Pacific shore, so here in Utah, as well as in Nevada west of it, and Arizona south of it, irrigation is generally necessary to successful farming. Utah, however, differs from the other regions mentioned in this: that in it agriculture, not mining, is the chief business of the inhabitants. They have been obliged, therefore, to resort to extensive and general irrigation. They tap the mountain streams at various elevations, and convey the water by canals, large and small, to the gardens and fields, and by almost infinite little courses spread the water over the whole ground, over the grain, between the rows of corn, and among the trees and vegetables. This work is performed by indviduals, by villages, and by companies. The water is apportioned to those desiring it according to their land, or the amount they can afford to pay. This seems a laborious and expensive process; but the soil by this means becomes so fertile, and yields so abundantly, that, with large crops and high prices, irrigated farming is not only remunerative but very profitable. The only drawback there is lies in the fact that the mountain streams do not a ford water enough for the irrigation of the valleys. The consequence is that many a traet that would otherwise become fertile and blooming as the Garden of Eden, now lies barren and unproductive.

Cotton grows abundantly in the southern settlements of Utah, and experiments with flax, the mulberry tree and the silk-worm, have proved eminently successful.

FOREST TREES.-Timber is scarce throughout this Territory, except on the mountains, and is principally composed of pine and fir trees. There are some groves of cotton-wood and box-elder in the bottoms of the principal streams, and a scrub cedar also in some of the valleys. Wood, both for building and fuel, is scarce.

MANUFACTURES.-Much progress in manufactures is hardly to be expected in so youthful a settlement; but Mr. Pratt represents them as starting up with vigor, particularly the manufacture of flour, and the more necessary implements of husbandry and houswifery, and the cheaper stuffs for clothing. The great distance for supplies from abroad, and the great cost of transport, must, perforce, encourage home manufactures. The census of 1860 reported 152 manufacturing establishments in Utah, with a capital invested therein of $412,126, using annually raw material, including fuel, worth $398,528, employing, on an average, 348 male hands and nine females, and annually manufacturing products to the value of $823,000. The policy of the Mormon leaders has been to confine the people to agriculture, and they have, therefore, pretty uniformly discouraged manufacturing and mining. Only a few of the simpler manufactures have been introduced into the Territory. There were in 1865 three cotton-mills, confined chiefly to the manufacture of cotton yarns, and one woolen-mill. There were also probably a hundred flouring-mills in the Territory. Hides being plenty, tanneries are established, and boots and shoes manufactured to a considerable extent.

COMMERCE. The trade of Utah is pretty much confined to traffic with the overland emigrants to California. They find also a ready sale for their live stock in the same State. It is possible that a trade down the Colorado River with California may be opened at some future day, as recent explorers report that river navigable for steamers of light draft for four hundred miles, or within six hundred miles of Salt Lake City.

POPULATION.-The population is principally composed of Mormons, who settled here in 1847, after their expulsion from Missouri and Illinois. Continual accessions of this new sect are arriving from all parts of the Union and from Europe. According to an enumeration made in 1863, by the Mormons themselves, the total population was 88,206, exclusive of Indians, of whom there are several tribes in a very degraded state, subsisting mostly on roots, berries, fish, etc., and living generally in caves or bushes, but sometimes in wigwams or tents, and going nearly naked. The total white population of Utah was estimated in 1865 at 120,000. The larger proportion, probably a majority, of the people of Utah are foreigners, recruits obtained by missionaries sent out over the whole world. The larger portion are English, from the factory towns of Great Britain. But Germans, Swedes, Finns, Scots, Icelanders, and even East Indians, are found there. President Young boasts that fifty nationalities are represented in Utah.

CITIES AND TOWNS.-The principal town is Great Salt Lake City. The other principal places are Brownsville, Ogden City, Prove City, Manti City, Fillmore City, and Parovan. These towns are mostly built of adobes or unburnt bricks, and are named (with the exception of Salt Lake City) in order, proceeding from north to south, and scattered over a space of nearly 300 miles, mostly near the base of the Wasatch Mountains. Fillmore is the capital of the Territory, and is situated

near its center.

Salt Lake City, capital of Salt Lake County, is situated near the east bank of the Jordan River, which connects Great Salt Lake with Utah Lake, about fifteen miles south-east of the Great Salt Lake, and 4,200 feet above the level of the sea. It was laid out in July, 1847, by a company of 143 Mormons. The city contains 260 blocks of ten acres each, separated by streets which are 128 feet wide. There are eight houses in each block, so arranged that no two houses front each other. The houses are built of adobes or sun-dried bricks, covered with plas ter, and generally of one story, with as many front doors as the proprietor has wives. The building lots have an area of one acre and quarter each, except in the business, or more densely populated portions of the city, where they are of smaller dimensions. Some of the stores are built of stone, and are capacious and elegant. Through each street flows a stream of water for irrigating the gardens and private and public grounds.

Brigham Young's establishment occupies a full square, embracing several dwellings, a school-house for his forty or fifty children, exten sive stables, a grist-mill, a carpenter's shop, and the "tithing" office. The last is a large edifice, wherein is deposited one-tenth of all the products of the Territory for the use of the Church. The square opposite is devoted to ecclesiastical uses, and on it are the old Tabernacle, a new and larger one in progress of completion, and the foundations of the great Temple, commenced in 1853, designed to be 150 feet long by 60 wide, and to be built in Gothic style of architecture. Within the same inclosure is the "Bowery," an immense thatch of green boughs, capable of accommodating an audience of several thousand. The gen eral Sunday services are held here during the warm weather. Both President Young's square and the Church-grounds are inclosed by solid walls of mud and stones, twelve feet high, and walls of a like character are used for fences about many private residences.

Salt Lake City has also a theater, which, it is said, for capacity, elegance of structure, and finish, may compare favorably with the opera-houses and academies of music in the Eastern cities. In costumes and scenery, it is furnished with equal richness and variety. The performances, though by amateurs-merchants and mechanics, and the wives and daughters of citizens-are spoken of as such as would

be highly creditable to any professional company.

President Young built and owns the theater, and conducts it on his own private account,

or on that of the Church, as he does many other valuable and profitable institutions of the Territory, such as cotton, saw and four-mills, the best farms, etc. During the winter season, performances

are given

thrice a week, and the theater is the center of a great popular attraction and social entertainment.

The climate of the valley in which the city stands is very salubrious, and the soil, where it can be irrigated, is extremely fertile. Wheat is said to produce, under favorable circumstances, a hundred-fold. The mountains which inclose the valley on the east side are covered with perpetual snow. Their summits are said to be about 10,000 feet (nearly two miles) above the level of the sea.

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT.-An account has been given in another part of this work of the migration of the Mormons to Utah, of the founding of Salt Lake City, the organization of the Territory in September, 1850, and the appointment of Brigham Young for its first Governor. In 1851, the Federal judges were forced by threats of violence from Brigham Young to leave Utah, and the laws and authority of the United States were openly defied and set at naught. This led to the removal of Brigham Young and the appointment of Colonel Steptoe as Governor. In August, 1854, Colonel Steptoe arrived in Utah with a battalion of soldiers, but such was the state of affairs that he did not deem it prudent to assume the office of Governor, and after wintering in Salt Lake City, he formally resigned his post, and removed with his troops to California. In a sermon preached in the Tabernacle at Salt Lake City, on the Sunday after Colonel Steptoe's departure, Brigham Young said: "I am and will be Governor, and no power can hinder it, until the Lord Almighty says, 'Brigham, you need not be Governor any longer.'"

In February, 1856, a mob of armed Mormons broke into the courtroom of the United States District Judge, and at the point of the bowie-knife compelled Judge Drummond to adjourn his court sine die. Soon afterward all the United States officers, with the exception of the Indian Agent, were compelled to flee from the Territory. President Buchanan determined to supersede Brigham Young in the office of Governor, and to send to Utah a military force to protect the Federal officers and enforce obedience to the laws. The office of Governor was accordingly conferred in 1857 upon Alfred Cumming, a Superintendent of Indian Affairs on the Upper Missouri, and that of Chief-Justice on Judge Eckels, of Indiana, and a force of 2,500 men, under experienced officers, were sent out to protect them in the discharge of their duties. The Mormons were greatly excited at the approach of these troops. In his capacity of Governor, Brigham Young issued a proclamation forbidding the troops to enter the Territory, and calling the people of Utah to arms to repel the threatened invasion. The army reached Utah in September, and early in October was attacked by a body of mounted Mormons, who destroyed several of the supply trains, and cut off 300 oxen from the rear of the army, driving them to Salt Lake City.

The army, of which Colonel Johnston had by this time assumed command, was overtaken by the snows of winter before it could reach Salt Lake Valley, and about the middle of November went into winter quarters on Black's Fork, near Fort Bridger. Governor Cumming

issued a proclamation declaring the Territory in a state of rebellion. In the spring of 1858 a good understanding was brought about between Governor Cumming and the Mormon leaders, through the intervention of Mr. Thomas L. Kane, of Pennsylvania, and in May commissioners arrived in Utah with a proclamation from the President, offering pardon to all who would submit to the Federal authority. The offer was accepted by the Mormon leaders, and shortly afterward the troops entered the Territory, where they remained until withdrawn, in May, 1860.

On the 20th of January, 1862, a Convention met, in accordance with a resolution of the Territorial Legislature, and framed a State Constitution, similar in its essential features to most of our State Constitutions. This Constitution was submitted to the people on the 3d of March following. At the same time an election was held for Governor and other State officers, and member of Congress. The new State was to be called Deseret. The Constitution was ratified by a vote of 9,879. Brigham Young was elected Governor, having received 9,980 votes, the whole number cast. Heber C. Kimball was chosen Lieutenant-Governor, and John Bernhisel, then delegate from the Territory to the 37th Congress, was selected for Representative in Congress from the State of Deseret. Members of a State Legislature were also chosen at the same time. The elected were, of course, all Mormons, and bound to support the Mormon Church, its creed, and practices. The State Legislature convened on the 14th of April, and chose United States Senators. The application of the people of Utah to be admitted as a State of the Union was laid before Congress, but no other action was taken upon it than to refer it to the proper committee.

Utah possesses at the present time three distinct governments, extending over the whole Territory in form, if not in fact. There is, first, the Territorial Government, established by virtue of the organic act of Congress of 1850; secondly, the Government of the so-called State of Deseret, of which Brigham Young is Governor; and, thirdly, the Government of the Church, of which Brigham Young is First President and the Supreme Head. The Territorial Government, though having a formal existence, has but little vitality or power; the Mormon ecclesiastical organization is by far the stronger of the two. This organization is known as the " Mormon Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints," and was organized in 1864, as follows:

First Presidency.-The first quorum of authority in the Church is the First Presidency, and is composed of three members-Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, and David H. Wells.

Twelve Apostles.-The next quorum in authority is the Twelve Apostles-Orson Hyde, Orson Pratt, John Taylor, Wilford Woodruff, Geo. A. Smith, Amasa M. Lyman, Ezra T. Benson, Charles C. Rich, Lorenzo Snow, Erastus Snow, Franklin D. Richards, George Q. Cannon.

Seventies. The next quorum in authority is the Seventies. The seventy members that constitute the first quorum of Seventies, are all Presidents of the first ten quorums of Seventies, making seven Presidents to each quorum; the members of all the other quorums of Seventies number