forms a square, with a court within, upon which nearly all the apartmonts open from the street. There is generally but one entrance, which is wide and high enough to admit animals with their packs. Much of the ground in and around Santa Fe is extremely sandy, and in dry weather, when the wind is high, this is a source of great annoyance. The place is well supplied with cool water from springs within its limits, and also from fountains above the city near the mountain side. Numerous acequias, (a-sa'ke-as,) or small canals, are led through the streets, and afterward serve to irrigate the gardens and fields below the town for several miles. It stands on a plateau, which is elevated about 7,000 feet above the sea, and a short distance south-west of the base of a snow-capped mountain, which rises 5,000 feet above the level of the town. The other principal towns are Albuquerque, Socorro, and Taos.

MANUFACTURES AND COMMERCE.-Among the manufactures of New Mexico are blankets, serapes, and a coarse kind of carpets. There are also a number of distilleries. All the merchandise received in and sent from New Mexico is by trains of wagons. From St. Louis large trains are sent to Santa Fe with merchandise, which supplies all the northern portion of the Territory. The commerce of El Paso and of the southern portion is with San Antonio, Texas. The caravans make the northern journey in from fifty to sixty days, and the southern in forty or fifty. Sometimes, when the grass is deficient, a longer time is required.

According to the United States census of 1860, there were in New Mexico eighty-six manufacturing establishments, with a capital of $2,081,900 invested therein, consuming or using annually, including fuel, $432,000 worth of raw material, employing 949 male hands and thirty females, and manufacturing products of the yearly value of $1,165,000.

POPULATION. The aggregate population of New Mexico, including Arizona, was, by the national census of 1860, 93,516, including 10,507 taxed Indians. The population of Arizona at that time was 6,482, of whom 4,040 were taxed Indians. At an election held in 1865 in New Mexico for delegate to Congress, the total vote cast was 14,691. J. Francisco Chavez was elected delegate.

COUNTIES.-The following table contains a list of the counties in New Mexico, with the aggregate population in each by the census of 1860, and the total number of votes cast in each at the election for Territorial Delegate to Congress in 1865:

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HISTORY.-New Mexico was among the earliest of the interior tions of North America visited by the Spaniards. Alvar Nunez, (Cabeça de Vaca,) with the remnant of those who accompanied Narvaez to Florida, reached New Mexico before 1537, and made report to the Viceroy of Mexico of their discoveries. An expedition under Coronado. in 1540, traversed the country north of the Gila, occupied by the Pueblo Indians, and pushed their way eastward beyond the Rio Grande to the country of the cibola, or buffalo. Coronado is the first who speaks of that animal, which he calls "a new kind of ox, wild and fierce, whereof the first day they killed fourscore, which sufficed the army with flesh." In 1581 other adventurers made known the mineral wealth of the country, which caused it to be called New Mexico. About this time Augustine Buiz, a Franciscan missionary, entered the country, and was soon afterward murdered by the Indians. Don Antonio Espejo vas sent with a body of men to protect the missions. The Viceroy of Mexico also sent Juan de Onate to take formal possession of the cour try in the name of Spain, and establish colonies, missions, and forts. He arrived there about the year 1600. The missionaries met with great success in their efforts at the christianization of the Indians. The Pueblo Indians more readily adopted the new faith than the roving tribes; and on recently rediscovering some of these Pueblos, it was found that, though they had been without a priest for nearly a century. they had preserved many of the Christian rites and doctrines, yet strangely blended with their old religion.

Many of the natives, at the time the Spaniards took formal possession of the country at the close of the sixteenth century, were considerably advanced in civilization. They wore cotton garments of their own manufacture. Their arms were large bows and arrows, terminated with sharp-pointed stones, and long wooden swords, also armed with sharp stones. They carried shields made of the raw hides of buffaloes. Some of them lived in stone houses several stories high, with the walls orna mented with pictures, residing in the valleys and cultivating the soil. In the villages were a great many idols, and in every house a chape! dedicated to some evil genius.

Under the administration of Onate, many new missions were estab lished, and mines were opened and worked. But the colonists enslaved the Indians and compelled them to work in the mines. The spirit of the natives revolted, and after several ineffectual attempts to free them selves from their oppressors, they finally, in 1680, drove the Spaniards out of the country, and reconquered it to themselves as far south as El Paso del Norte. The Spaniards attempted several times to regain their

lost possessions, but did not succeed until 1698.

In 1846 Santa Fe was taken by the United States forces under General Kearney, who soon after conquered the whole territory from

Mexico, which in 1848 ceded it to the United States by the treaty of

Guadalupe Hidalgo. New Mexico was organized as a Territory of the United States on the 9th of September, 1850.

UTAH.

UTAH was originally a part of Upper California, and was ceded by Mexico to the United States in 1848 by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. It was erected into a separate Territory in 1850, but since that time its original area has been greatly reduced. It is bounded on the north by Idaho, and on the north-east by Dakota; on the east by Colorado, on the south by Arizona, and on the west by Nevada. It lies between 37° and 42° of north latitude, and 32° and 38° of longitude west from Washington. It is at present included within the following specific limits: Beginning at the intersection of the 42d° of latitude with the 33d of longitude; thence south along said 33d meridian of longitude to the 41st of latitude; thence east on said 41st parallel of latitude to the 32d of longitude; thence south on said 32d meridian of longitude to the 37th of latitude; thence west on said 37th parallel of latitude to the 38th of longitude; thence north on said 38th meridian of longitude to 42d of latitude, and thence east on said 42d parallel of latitude to the place of beginning.

Utah extends about 350 miles from north to south, and about 250 from east to west. It covers the region drained by the Great Salt Lake, and probably some 10,000 square miles besides. On the east are the Wasatch Mountains, the first of the subsidiary ranges of the Rocky Mountains, and, as it were, the eastern guard of the Salt Lake Valley, and on the west the Great Central American Desert, as it is sometimes called, forming part of the vast interior basin of this section of the North American continent, which is hemmed in by mountains on all sides; has a general elevation of 4,000 to 5,000 feet above the level of the sea, and has its own system of lakes and rivers, but no communication with the ocean. The valley, or basin, of the Great Salt Lake is likewise a continent within a continent, with its own miniature salt sea, its independent chain of mountains, its distinct lakes and rivers, but with no outlet to the ocean.

The Wasatch Mountains, 10,000 feet high, and covered with perpetual snow, inclose the Salt Lake Valley on the east and south. This great branch or range of the Rocky Mountains lies south of Great Salt Lake, and under various names, passes north to the east of that lake. Toward the south-west this mountainous region is traced along the west side of the Colorado toward the Sierra Nevada, which bounds California on the east. In Utah the mountains spread over a wide district, and the ridges of the several groups run in various directions, the course of those known as the Uintah Mountains, east of Great Salt Lake, being east and west. The only drainage from these mountains into the ocean is from their east and north sides. By the Colorado, the waters are carried south-west to the head of the Gulf of California, in latitude 32° north, and by the Lewis or Snake Fork of the Colum

bia River, north-west to the Pacific Ocean, in latitude 46° north. Nearly the whole distance between these points, and for a width of about ten degrees of longitude, stretching east from the Sierra Nevada, is a vast territory, from 4,000 to 5,000 feet above the level of the sea, abounding in lakes and rivers, some of the lakes being salt, and none of them having an outlet to the ocean. Into this great interior basin flow all the waters that fall on the western slopes of the Wasatch range and the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada.

MINERALS AND MINING.-The mountainous regions of Utah are, doubtless, rich in mineral wealth. Discoveries hitherto have been chiefly of silver, in connection with large deposits of lead and copper. Among the canons or ravines of the Rush Lake Valley, from a hundred to two hundred mines, recently discovered, are worked to various depths of ten to one hundred feet. Some old Nevada miners, who have inspected these mines, describe them as promising to become fifty per cent. better than the famous silver mines of the Comstock Lode. In Nevada, a yield of fifty or a hundred dollars to a ton of ore is consid ered a fair and profitable return; but the Rush Valley ores of Utah have produced from one hundred to five hundred dollars per ton, and lodes have been opened that afford from one thousand to four thou sand dollars to the ton. This last extraordinary yield was obtained from a mine opened in 1865, and named the New York lead. The further these mines are worked, the richer they grow. There are mines of bituminous coal of a fair quality over the mountains, forty miles east of Salt Lake City.

In more remote parts of the Territory, other silver mines have been discovered, and have been worked with success. Their distance from markets, the want of suitable machinery for their profitable operation, and the lack of capital among those who have discovered them, have hitherto retarded their complete development; but in the opinion of those best acquainted with these mines, they offer one of the best fields in the West for capital and enterprise, and induce the belief that when they become better known, they will produce such an interest and ex citement as will give Utah a new population and a more rapid growth. COUNTIES.-Utah is divided into the following counties: Beaver, Bos Elder, Cache, Davis, Great Salt Lake, Green River, Iron, Juab, Kane, Millard, Morgan, Pi-ute, Richland, Sawpete, Sevier, Summit, Toosle, Utah, Wasatch, Washington, and Weber.

Great Salt Lake City is the county town of Great Salt Lake; Provo City, of Utah, and St. George, of Washington County.

LAKES AND RIVERS.-Great Salt Lake is one of the most prominent northern part of the Territory, about fifteen miles from Salt Lake City, attractions in the topography of Utah. It is a miniature ocean in the fish can fifty miles wide by one hundred in length, and so salt that no

live in it, and that three quarts of its briny water will boil down or evaporate to one quart of pure salt. Three or four quite large streams empty into it, and yet it has no visible outlet. By evaporation, in hot weather, its shores are covered with a thick incrustation of salt. It

has high, rocky islands; its broad expanse offers a wide space

for sail

ing, and the scenery it presents is described as picturesque and enchanting. About 25 miles south of this, and communicating with it by the river Jordan, is Utah Lake, a body of fresh water about 35 miles in length. It is stored with trout and other fish. These lakes are elevated from 4,200 to 4,500 feet above the sea. There are also numerous small lakes in different parts of the Territory.

Bear River, coming down from Idaho, is the principal tributary of Great Salt Lake. The Green and Grand Rivers traverse the eastern basin or valley, forming the Colorado River, which flows south-westwardly into Arizona. The Grand River, the most eastern branch, rising in the Rocky Mountains, flows south-west to meet Green River, which is the larger tributary, and has its sources in the south-east part of Idaho. These streams and their affluents drain the entire eastern division of Utah. The former has a course of about 300 and the latter of about 400 miles.

OBJECTS OF INTEREST TO TOURISTS.-Of these there is no scarcity in this widely-extended Territory. Among the most remarkable objects of this region is the Great Salt Lake. In the saltness of its waters, in the circumstance of its having no outlet, and being fed from another smaller and fresh water lake, (with which it is connected by a stream called the "Jordan,") and in the rugged and repulsive character of some portions of the surrounding region, it bears a remarkable resemblance to the Dead Sea of Palestine. Instead, however, of lying 1,000 feet below, it is more than 4,000 feet above the level of the sea; its waters, moreover, being about one-fourth pure solution of common salt, are free from that pungency and nauseous taste which characterize those of the Dead Sea. Near Brown's Hole, in the neighborhood of Green River, in about 41° north latitude, and 109° west longitude, are a number of narrow canons or gorges, with nearly perpendicular walls from 600 to 800 and even 1,500 feet in height, presenting scenes of great wildness and grandeur. There are two large sulphur springs, one hot enough (one hundred and twenty degrees) to boil an egg, which is four miles from the center of Salt Lake City, and the other just the right temperature for a hot bath, (ninety degrees,) which is close to the city, and is brought into a large inclosure within it for free bathing purposes. Both the streams from these springs afford water enough for an illimitable amount of bathing, the water is highly sulphurized, and as clear as that of the celebrated Sharon Springs, and its use, either for drinking or bathing, is said to be most effective in purifying the blood and toning up the system. Other and smaller springs of a similar character have been found in the neighborhood of the city.

CLIMATE. As elsewhere remarked, the climate of the great plateau between the Rocky and Sierra Nevada Mountains, seems to partake of the characteristics of the great Tartar plains of Asia. According to Orson Pratt, the midsummer is dry and hot, the heat ranging at midday from 90° to 105°, but with cool mornings and evenings, refreshed with mountain breezes. The winters are mild, snow seldom falling more than a few inches deep in the valleys, nor does it lie long. Spring and autumn, though mild, are subject to sudden changes, and the wind is very vari