each, and Madison and Navarro have between them 30,000 at over $3 each.

POPULATION.-The number of inhabitants in Texas, according to the census taken by the United States in 1850, was 212,592. It had increased in 1860 to 604,215, showing a gain in ten years of 391,623. The number of white males in Texas in 1860 was 228,797, and of white females 192,497. Total number of whites, including 403 taxed Indians, 421,294. The number of free colored males was 181, and of free colored females, 174. Total number of free colored, 355. The number of male slaves was 91,189, and of female slaves, 91,377. Total number of slaves, 182,566. The total vote cast by Texas in 1860 for President was 62,657; and in 1866, for Governor, it was 60,682.

STATE DEBT. The committee appointed by Governor Hamilton to inquire into the condition of the State Treasury of Texas, reported the total amount of the State debt in November, 1865, to be $8,714,065.07. At the breaking out of the late civil war, Texas was entirely out of debt.

EDUCATION.-The State School Fund of Texas on the 1st of September, 1860, amounted to $2,531,520.64. There was distributed to the counties for school purposes the sum of $112,595.31; besides this, each county had 17,712 acres of land set apart for educational purposes. The State School Fund consisted of the sum of $2,000,000 of the five per cent. United States bonds, set apart for that purpose, to which was added annually one-tenth of the State tax. The number of children in the State of school age-or from six to eighteen years-was 104,447. The amount of school money distributed for each was one dollar. There was also a university fund of $111,000, the interest of which was steadily accumulating. There were numerous academies and female seminaries in the State, and three colleges, namely: Aranama College, under the control of the Presbyterians, located at Goliad, in Goliad County, and founded in 1852, having three professors, seventy-five students, and a library of 1,800 volumes; Austin College, also under Presbyterian control, located at Huntsville, in Walker County, having in 1858 five professors and over one hundred students, exclusive of those in the law department; and Bayler University, located at Independence, Washington County, founded in 1845, having in 1858 five professors and about one hundred and fifty students. There was also in 1860, at Butterville, in Fayette County, a military institute of considerable reputation. It was founded in 1856.

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.-According to the United States census of 1860, there were in Texas at that time 2,649,207 acres of improved land in farms, and 20,486,990 acres of unimproved land in farms. The cash value of the farms was $104,007,689, and of implements and machinery used in agriculture, $6,114,362. The number of horses in the State was 320,621; asses and mules, 63,000; milch cows, 598,086; working oxen, 172,243; other cattle, 2,733,267; sheep, 783,618, and swine, 1,368,378. The value of the live stock was $52,892,934, and the value of the animals slaughtered during the year was $5,218,987. The annual product of wheat was 1,464,273 bushels; rye, 95,012; In

dian corn, 16,521,593; oats, 988,812; rice, 25,670; tobacco, 98,016 pounds; ginned cotton, 415,281 bales of 400 pounds each; wool, 1,497,748 pounds; peas and beans, 359,560 bushels; Irish potatoes, 168,937; sweet potatoes, 1,853,306; barley, 38,905, and buckwheat, 1,612 bushels. The orchard products of the year were valued at $46,802. There were made 13,946 gallons of wine. The market garden produce was valued at $55,943. There were made in the year 5,948,611 pounds of butter, 277,512 of cheese, 11,349 tons of hay, 449 bushels of clover-seed, 2,976 bushels of other grass seeds, and 122 pounds of hops. Texas produced in the year ending June 30, 1866, 590 hogsheads of cane sugar, of 1,000 pounds each; 392,557 gallons of cane and maple molasses; 115,051 gallons of sorghum; 26,585 pounds of beeswax, and 550,708 pounds of honey. The value of the home-made manufactures for the same period was $596,169. Agricultural labors were exceedingly prosperous in 1864. The crop of cotton was estimated at 500,000 bales, thus exceeding the crop of all the other cottongrowing States, which was estimated at 400,000 bales. The crop of corn in 1864 was estimated as sufficient to furnish a supply for two years. The cotton crop of Texas for 1866 was estimated at the United States Agricultural Department at 300,000 bales.

MANUFACTURES.-Texas, as a new State, has but few manufactures. Till her fertile bottoms and rich and beautiful prairies are occupied, capitalists will not be likely to devote much attention to manufacturing enterprises. Still, she has made considerable progress in this branch of industry. According to the last national census there were in Texas, in 1860, 910 manufacturing establishments, with a capital of $3,850,000, consuming annually $2,770,000 worth of raw material, including fuel; employing, on an average, 3,360 male hands and 110 female hands, and turning out annually manufactured products valued at $6,250,000.

RAILROADS.-There is probably no State in the Union where railroads can be constructed with so little labor and expense as in Texas, the grading being comparatively easy; or where they are more needed to convey to market the vast product of hogs, sheep, cattle, flour, and grain, of which the home consumption is not adequate to take up a thousandth part. The railroads constructed and in running order in July, 1865, were the Houston and Texas Central, from Hempstead to Brenham's, thirty miles; the Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Road, from Harrisburg to Alleyton, eighty miles; the Houston Tap and Brazoria Road, from Houston to Columbus, forty-five miles; the Galveston, Houston and Henderson Road, from Galveston to Houston, fifty miles; the Texas and New Orleans Road, from Houston to Beaurant, sixty-five miles, and that from Shreveport, La., to Marshall. Railroads were also in the course of construction from Brazos Santiago to Brownsville, about thirty miles, and from Indianola to Victoria, about forty miles.

IOWA.

THE State of Iowa is bounded north by Minnesota, east by the Mississippi, which separates it from the States of Wisconsin and Illinois, south by Missouri, and west by Nebraska and Dakota, from the former of which it is separated by the Missouri, and from the latter by the great Sioux River. It lies, (with the exception of a small projection in the south-east, between the Des Moines and the Mississippi Rivers.) between 40° 30′ and 43° 30' north latitude, and between 90° and 97° west longitude, being about 300 miles in extreme length from east to west, and about 208 miles in breadth, including an 'area of 50,914 square miles, or 32,584,960 acres.

FACE OF THE COUNTRY.-The surface of Iowa is generally composed of rolling prairies, having nothing within its limits which approaches a mountain in elevation. The highest ground in the State is a plateau in the north-west, called "Conteau des Prairies," which enters the State from Minnesota. A small portion in the north-east, on the Mississippi, is rugged and rocky, and Table Mound, a conical elevation with a flat summit, three or four miles from Dubuque, is, perhaps, 500 feet high. The State, however, may be generally described as a rolling prairie, crossed by rivers whose banks are skirted with wood. There are said to be some swamps in the north-west portion of the State. The prairies, though sometimes twenty miles across, are rarely more than five or ten.

GEOLOGY.-The great coal-field of Missouri and Iowa, occupying the center and southern parts of the latter State, and extending out in the form of a semicircle, is surrounded on every side but the southern by a belt of upper carboniferous limestone. The Mississippi, on the southeast of the State, has its channel in a bed of the lower carboniferous limestone. The great drift deposits from Minnesota enter the north of Iowa. A narrow strip of the lead-bearing magnesian limestone lies on the Mississippi to the north-east, and is succeeded on the south-west first by a broad belt of upper magnesian, and then by a second of limestone of the Devonian period. The coal veins of Iowa are not nearly so thick as those of Illinois, being seldom more than four or five feet. The prairies of this State are sprinkled over with bowlders, some of them of immense size. One measured by Professor Owen was 500 feet in circumference, 12 feet high, and probably as many beneath

the soil.

MINERALS.-Iowa is rich in mineral resources, and one-tenth of the great lead region of the upper Mississippi lies in this State. The ore is abundant, but lies deeper than on the east side of the river. Lead mines have been opened in Dubuque and Clayton Counties. Zinc and copper are also found in the same localities, and in connection with the lead. The great bituminous coal-field of Iowa and Missouri has an ex

tent of near 200 miles from east to west, and 140 miles from north to south, within the former State, and occupying most of the central and southern portions. Copper has been discovered in Cedar County in considerable quantities.

RIVERS. The rolling prairies of Iowa are furrowed by several important rivers, which cross it in a south-east direction, and help to swell the volume of waters in the great Mississippi, into which they discharge themselves. The Des Moines, the most important of these, has its sources in Minnesota, and, traversing the entire State, forms near its mouth a small portion of the south-east boundary. Its length is about 450 miles, 250 of which are navigable for light steamers at high water. The other rivers which flow into the Mississippi, proceeding in order northward, are the Skunk, Iowa, (the Red Cedar, a branch of the Iowa,) Wapsipinicon, Makoqueta, Turkey, and Upper Iowa. The Skunk is about 200, the Iowa 300, and the rivers last named from 100 to 200 miles in length. The Iowa is navigable for steamboats 110, and the Cedar River 60 miles. The Makoqueta and the Wapsipinicon have rapid currents, and furnish abundant water-power. The Missouri, and its tributary, the Great Sioux, form the west boundary. The Little Sioux, the next important tributary of the Missouri from Iowa, has a course of little more than 100 miles. There are a few small lakes in the north and west parts of the State.

OBJECTS OF INTEREST TO TOURISTS.-The principal claim of this new and as yet scarcely explored State on the attention of travelers must chiefly rest upon the beauty of its undulating prairies or its picturesque landscapes. There are, however, a few objects which may be classed among natural curiosities, of which the following are the most prominent: Numerous sinks or circular depressions in the surface of the ground, from 10 to 20 feet across, are found in different places, and particularly on Turkey River, in the north part of the State. Small mounds, from three to six feet high, and sometimes 10 or 12 in a row, are found on the same stream, within 10 or 15 miles of its mouth. A cave several rods in extent exists in Jackson County, from which flows a stream large enough to turn a mill. The Upper Iowa and Makoqueta Rivers have worn their channels through magnesian limestone rocks, leaving, on the southern banks, cliffs worn by the rain, frost, and winds into resemblances of castles, forts, etc.

CLIMATE, SOIL, AND PRODUCTIONS.-According to meteorological tables kept at Muscatine in 1851, by T. S. Parvin, Esq., the maximum of January was 46°, the minimum 16°; for February, maximum 52°, minimum 0°; March, maximum 78°, minimum 12°; April, maximum 70°, minimum 24°; May, maximum 82°, minimum 23°; June, maximum 85°, minimum 44°; July, maximum 92°, minimum 44°; August, maximum 85°, minimum 52°; September, maximum 91°, minimum 30°; October, maximum 79°, minimum 18°; November, maximum 51°, minimum 14°; December, maximum 56°, minimum 18°. Greatest heat, July 27, 92°; greatest cold, December 16, 18°; range, 110°. The Mississippi closed January 30th; opened February 21st. Last frost, May 24th; first in Autumn, September 28th. Rainy days, 101 · 53

of which were in May, June, and July; 20 snowy days, 55 cloudy, 88 clear, and 212 variable. The amount of rain that fell during the entire year was 72.4 inches. A frost in May killed most of the fruit. The peach-tree blossoms in April, fall wheat ripens in July, spring wheat in August, and Indian corn in October. The rivers are frozen over from two to three months on an average each winter. The soil of Iowa is generally excellent and of easy cultivation, with prairie and woodland intermingled. The valleys of the Red Cedar, Iowa, and Des Moines, (we quote Owen's Geological Report,) as high as latitude 42° or 42° 31', presents a body of arable land, which, taken as a whole, for richness in organic elements, for amount of saline matter, and due admixture of earthly silicates, affords a combination that belongs only to the most fertile upland plains. After passing latitude 42° 30′ north, near the confines of the Couteau des Prairies, a desolate, knobby country commences, the highlands being covered with gravel and supporting a scanty vegetation, while the low grounds are either wet or marshy, or filled with numerous ponds or lakes, and where the eye roves in vain in search of timber. North of 41° 30', and between the headwaters of the Grand, Nodaway, and Nishnabotona Rivers, the soil is inferior in quality to that south of the same parallel. The staples of this State are Indian corn, wheat, and live stock, besides considerable quantities of oats, rye, buckwheat, barley, Irish potatoes, butter, cheese, hay, wool, maple sugar, beeswax, and honey; and some rice, tobacco, beans, peas, sweet potatoes, orchard fruit, wine, grass seeds, hops, flax, and silk are produced.

On

FOREST TREES.-Iowa is in many places destitute of timber; along the rivers, however, it is well wooded, except near their sources. the intervals between the rivers there are often prairies of from 15 to 20 miles, without so much as a bush higher than the wild indigo and compass-plant. The greatest scarcity of trees is north of 42°. Ash, elm, sugar, and white maple grow in alluvion belts of from one-fourth to one mile in width on the river banks. The other forest-trees are poplar, various species of oak, black and white walnut, hickory, locust, ironwood, cotton-wood, lime or basswood, and some pine on the northern parts of the State. Oak constitutes the larger part of the timber of the State. The peach grows too luxuriantly and blooms too soon to admit of its being cultivated to advantage. The grape, gooseberry, and wild plum are indigenous.

COUNTIES. We give a list of the counties in Iowa, with their county towns, and also the population of each county according to the census of 1860: