it appears that Michigan contained 35,995,520 acres of land, of which but 3,647,645 were improved, and but 12,086,660 returned as taxable. There were, if equally apportioned, about four and a half acres of improved land for every man, woman and child in the State. The following table gives the amount of the crops raised in Michigan in the two years immediately preceding the State Censuses of 1854 and 1864:

Michigan promises to become a great apple-growing State. The shipments in 1865 were estimated at 410,000 barrels, which, at an average price of $3.50 per barrel, would amount to nearly $1,500,000. They were sent to all parts of the country, the winter fruit going chiefly to the Eastern and Middle States.

The wheat crop of Michigan, for 1863, averaged but 11.5 bushels to the acre, being much below the average yield. The hay crop, the next in value, was worth, for 1863, more than $15,000,000. The average amount of butter was 59 lbs. 9 oz., and of cheese, 6 lbs. 13 oz. Sorghum and imphee are not particularly mentioned in the returns; but the total manufacture of sugar in 1864 was 4,044,399 lbs., or more than five pounds for each inhabitant.

The number of sheep in 1864 had nearly doubled since the taking of the previous State census, and in 1863 the average yield per head was 3 lbs. 8.5 oz., or nearly one pound greater than in the whole country in 1859. There were in 1863, 2,053,363 sheep in the State, the clip from which amounted to 7,294,934 pounds, or nearly one-tenth of the whole quantity produced in the United States. This shows an annual increase of 796,769 pounds from 1859. The clip of 1864 was estimated at 1,000,000 pounds more than that of 1863. From these facts, Michigan seems destined to take a front rank among the wool-growing States of the Union.

The value of the fisheries in Michigan for 1864 was estimated at $100,000. The fish taken were principally whitefish.

LUMBER. The following table exhibits the lumber product, which is one of the chief sources of wealth possessed by Michigan:

A number of mills made no returns. Adding the number of feet sawn by these to the above figures, the annual amount of lumber produced in Michigan was estimated by the Secretary of State at nearly 8,000,000 feet. Of this amount upward of 3,000,000 came from the Saginaw River district.

MINING PRODUCTS.-The statistics of mining products in the last State census of Michigan were not complete at our latest information. It appears, however, that 273,000 tons of iron ore were produced in 1863, an amount only exceeded by Pennsylvania in 1860. Between 1854 and 1864 the number of copper mines increased nearly 120 per cent., and the amount of copper mined over 180 per cent. lowing is a statement of the shipments of copper during 1865:

The fol

There had been in each district a considerable increase over the product of 1864, the greatest being in the Keweenaw district.

There were produced in the Saginaw Valley in the year 1864, 488,189 barrels of salt, valued at the shipping point at $2.25 per barrel, or $198,425.

POPULATION.--In 1860 the population of Michigan consisted of 742,289 white and 6,823 colored inhabitants. Total, 749,112. showing a ratio of increase on the census of 1850 of 88.38 per cent. By the State census, taken in 1864, the total population was 803,145—a gain of 54,033 on the national census of 1860. The total vote for Governor in 1866 was 164,454.

CITIES AND TOWNS.-Lansing, the capital of Michigan, is in Ingham County, and is situated on the Grand River, 110 miles north-west of Detroit. Its population in 1860 was about 5,000. It is surrounded by a fertile country, abounding in timber and coal. Supplied with waterpower by the river, it has an active and increasing trade. The Statehouse is a large and handsome building, erected on an eminence fifty feet above the river. The city has a House of Correction for juvenile offenders. It is the seat of a Female College, and of an Agricultural College, with a farm of 700 acres attached. It had in 1860 ten churches, one bank, two weekly newspapers, two breweries, five carriage factories, two grist-mills, two tanneries, five hotels, two planingmills, and three saw-mills. Lansing became the capital of the State in 1847, but was not incorporated as a city till 1859.

Kalamazoo is the county town of Kalamazoo County, and is situated

on the left or west bank of the river of the same name, about 65 miles from its mouth, and 143 miles west from Detroit, by the Michigan Central Railroad, which connects it with that city and Chicago. The population in 1864 was 6,897. It lies in the midst of a fertile and beautiful country, and is laid out with broad streets, shaded by fine oak-trees. It contains Kalamazoo College, an institution for students of both sexes, the Michigan Female Seminary, the State Asylum for the insane, a union school, and various other literary and benevolent institutions. It had in 1860 two weekly newspapers, ten churches, a flour-mill, an iron foundry, a machine-shop, three manufactories of agricultural implements, one manufactory of piano-fortes, and one of soap and candles, a tannery, and three planing-mills.

Jackson, the capital of the county of that name, is situated on the west bank of the Grand River, near its source, and at the junction of the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Railroad with the Michigan Central. It is 70 miles west from Detroit. The river furnishes valuable water-power, and there are several mills and factories in operation. The Michigan State Penitentiary is located at Jackson, inclosing an area of eight acres. The main building is 500 feet long, 57 broad, and 44 feet high. The city is lighted with gas. There is a mine of bituminous coal within the city limits, and another a few miles distant. The population of Jackson in 1864 was 6,544.

Adrian, the capital of Lewanee County, is situated on a tributary of the Raisin River, 70 miles west-south-west of Detroit. The Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad was constructed in 1838, uniting Adrian with Toledo, 32 miles distant. The Michigan Southern Road passes through the former place. Adrian commands the trade of an extensive graingrowing region. The stream on which it stands furnishes valuable water-power, which is used for mills and other purposes. Population in 1864, 7,044.

Ann Arbor, the capital of Washtenaw County, is situated about 40 miles west of Detroit, on the Huron River and Michigan Central Railroad. The town is regularly laid out, and well built, and its site is pleasant and healthy. It is the center of an important agricultural district. It has a brisk trade, and manufactories of various kinds, the motive power of which is supplied by the river. The town is the seat of the State University. Its population in 1864 was 5,731.

Ypsilanti is in Washtenaw County, on the Huron River and the Michigan Central Railroad, 30 miles west by south from Detroit, and 254 from Chicago. Its population in 1860 was about 4,000. It is pleasantly situated in the midst of a rich and populous agricultural district, and is the seat of the State Normal School. It has numerous large manufacturing establishments.

Detroit is the chief town of Michigan, and the capital of Wayne County. It is situated on the north-west side of Detroit River or Strait, extending along the river nearly four miles. The center of the city is about seven miles from Lake St. Clair, and about eighteen from Lake Erie; eighty miles east-north-east from Lansing, and 302 west of Buffalo. It is in latitude 42° 20′ north, and longitude 82° 58' west

from Greenwich. The river runs from Lake St. Clair to a point just below the city, in a direction about 30° south of west, thence it runs nearly south to Lake Erie, a distance of fifteen miles. The original bed of the river, before it was narrowed by the docking out, was from 48 to 52 chains in width; but from the docks of the central portion of the city to the opposite docks of Windsor, in Canada, it is only about half a mile. The depth of the river varies, averaging about 32 feet. The descent from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie is about six feet, or three inches to the mile. The river rises and falls with the surfaces of the great lakes, of which it is a connecting link, the average annual variation being about three feet. The waters of the river and the lakes rise during a succession of wet seasons, and fall during a succession of dry ones. The Detroit River has a uniform current, and is little affected by floods, droughts, dams of ice, or other obstructions.

Where the principal part of the city is situated, the ground rises gradually from the river 20 or 30 feet, at the distance of 15 to 30 rods from the river bank; it then falls off a little, and again rises gradually to 40 or 50 feet above the river. The whole country, for more than 20 miles back of the river, is exceedingly level, rising gently at the rate of about five feet in the mile. The Detroit River was visited by the French as early as 1610; but the first permanent settlement on the site of the present city was made in 1701, by a party under Antoine de la Motte Cadillac. It fell into the hands of the British in 1760, and was ceded with the country to the United States, by the treaty of peace of 1783. Nearly the whole town was burned in 1805, after which its plat was changed under the act of Congress in 1806.

A portion of the city is regularly laid out, the streets running parallel with the river, and crossing each other at right angles, though there are numerous irregularities. The streets and avenues vary in width from 50 to 200 feet. The inhabitants are supplied with water taken from the river opposite the upper part of the city, and distributed from a reservoir by means of iron pipes to all parts of the city. The public buildings in the city are numerous, and are much admired for their beauty and finish, especially some of the public school-houses. Several of the churches are large and splendid; there are many spacious and beautiful stores, quite a number of large and elegant private dwellings, and several extensive hotels.

The United States Government made five great leading roads (post roads) in Michigan, while it was yet a territory, all diverging from Detroit. The Michigan Central Railroad was finished to Ypsilanti, 30 miles from Detroit, in 1837; the Ann Arbor, 38 miles, in 1839; to Kalamazoo, 145 miles, in 1845; and to Chicago, 282 miles, in 1851. The railroad from Detroit to Toledo, 60 miles, was completed in 1857, connecting at Monroe with the Michigan Southern Road. The Detroit and Milwaukee Road, from Detroit to Lake Michigan, opposite Milwaukee, was opened for travel in 1858; and a road from Detroit, to the foot of Lake Huron, opposite Port Sarina, the termination of the Grand Trunk Railway in Canada, was finished in 1859.

Detroit is the great concentrating point of the produce, commerce,

banking, and heavy business of the whole State. The retail and wholesale trade of the city are both very large. The sawing of lumber is a great branch of industry. In 1860 there were within the city limits nine large steam saw-mills, which cut from three to eight million feet cach per annum, making a total of about forty million feet annually of pine lumber, the logs being floated down to the mills from Lake Huron, and the creeks and streams which fall into Lake St. Clair River. Ship and boat-building is also an important branch of business. There are extensive foundries, machine-shops, and factories of various kinds. The population of Detroit, by the census of 1860, was 45,619, and by the State census of 1864 it had increased to 53,179.

Grand Rapids, the capital of Kent County, is situated on the rapids of Grand River, 33 miles from Lake Michigan, and 60 miles northwest from Lansing. Its population in 1864 was 9,770. It is on the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, and its distance from Detroit by rail is 157 miles. Steamboats connect it with the lake, and the Rapids supply it with abundant water-power, so that it is one of the most thriving trading and manufacturing cities in the State. Salt, gypsum, limestone, and pine timber are plenty in the vicinity. The city is built on both banks of the river, which is here about 100 feet wide. Its situation is healthy and pleasant. On the west bank of the river are several Indian mounds. The city was first settled in 1833, and incorporated in 1850.

Grand Haven, the capital of Ottawa County, is situated on Lake Michigan, near the mouth of the Grand River, 32 miles north-west of Lansing, and 92 from Detroit by railroad. It is the western terminus of the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, which has here an immense depot, and a pier 3,000 feet long extending into the lake. Steamers cross every 12 hours to Milwaukee, and there are lines of steamers to Chicago, Buffalo, and Detroit. The principal articles of export are timber, staves, shingles, fish, leather, gypsum, stucco-lime, and flour. The exports in some years prior to 1860 exceeded $1,000,000 in value. Population in 1860, from 3,000 to 4,000.

TEXAS.

TEXAS, with the exception of Florida, now forms the southernmost portion of the United States. It is bounded on the north by New Mexico, the Indian Territory, and Arkansas; on the east by Arkansas and Louisiana; on the south-east by the Gulf of Mexico; and on the southwest and west by Mexico and New Mexico. The Red River separates it in part from the Indian Territory and Arkansas, the Sabine from Louisiana, and the Rio Grande from Mexico. This State lies between 25° 50′ and 36° 30′ north latitude, and between 93° 30′ and 107° west