beings; and to the right of it a rectangular sepulchral chamber, about 4 ft. 6 in. square by 3 ft. 10 in. high, having its sides formed of dry rubble walling, and containing an enormous quantity of human remains. It had evidently been a burial-place used by a large number of individuals over a long period. We found no bronze implements of any kind; but the pottery taken out of the chamber is obviously of the kind manufactured during the Bronze Age. Three curious objects were associated with the burials, namely two perforated pieces of jet and a polished flint flake. The skulls were chiefly long, or dolico-cephalic, such as we know to have belonged to the dark-haired aborigines of the Iberic stock that once were spread all over Europe; but some were of the round, or bracycephalic type, which has been identified with the Celtic population. Thus we have here represented the two leading elements of the ethnology of Wales.

"Let us glance at the question of the coming of the Celtic people into Europe and into this country. The Aryans invaded Europe at a very early period, but we have no evidence of the appearance of the Celts in Britain before the commencement of the Bronze Age. The continental Celt did not dare to attack the Aryan inhabitants of this country until he could do so with some prospect of success, such as the possession of a superior weapon would be likely to ensure him. It was with a bronze spear in his hand that the continental Celt marched to overcome his neolithic neighbour across the 'silver streak' which has afforded us so good a defence through countless ages. There is important archæological evidence, derived from the formation of the bones found in this sepulchral chamber, that the individuals buried there did not wear boots with hard soles, but used their feet for grasping objects.

"I do not know whether there is any connection between the Cave and the Tumulus. In the earth of the Cave were discovered the bones of reindeer, rhinoceros, and other animals, bearing the marks of having been gnawed by the hyænas whose den it once was. At the bottom of all was a layer of clay without bones. There is evidence that the Cave is of the post-glacial period."

Newmarket Church.-Before leaving the neighbourhood of Gop Hill an inspection was made of Newmarket Church, which lies at its foot, an uninteresting building, with a churchyard-cross of the thirteenth or fourteenth century, having the crucifixion sculptured on both sides of the head. This cross, as well as others seen during the Meeting, is described by the Rev. Elias Owen in his Stone Crosses of the Vale of Clwyd. Mr. Owen formed one of the party on the occasion.

The plan of the church is a simple rectangle with a porch on the south side. There is a bell-gable on the exterior at the west end. An oak pew in the interior has three shields carved on it, two having coats of arms; and one the initials J. J. K., and the date 1706.

In the churchyard were noticed some peculiar altar-tombstones

with arched tops, of the eighteenth century, belonging to a type not uncommon in this district.

Cross in Newmarket Churchyard, Flintshire.

Gwaunysgor Church. The party next proceeded to Gwaunysgor Church, chiefly remarkable for the antiquity of its Registers, which commence as early as the year 1538, and for a fine sculptured font of the Norman period. This font, although now in a very dilapi dated condition, is one of the best specimens existing in North Wales. It has a square bowl, 2 ft. 1 in. across the outside, and 1 ft. 8 in. across the inside; being 1 ft. deep on the outside, and 9 in. deep on the inside. The bowl is decorated with foliage springing from interlacing stems, and is supported on a large central column with four smaller shafts clustered around it. This font belongs to a class which probably originated in the North of France, and of which there are other instances at Lincoln Cathedral; St. Peter's, Ipswich; St. Nicholas, Southampton; East Meon and St. Mary Bourne in Hampshire.

The plan of Gwaunysgor Church is like that of Newmarket, a plain rectangle with a south porch. There is a bell-gable at the west end, outside. The south entrance-doorway has rather a curious

inner frame of wood with a triangular-headed opening, and geometrical star-patterns carved on each side. Over this doorway, on the inside, is a sepulchral slab, 6 ft. long by 1 ft. 2 in. wide, bearing a cross and sword.

A pedestal for a sundial, in the churchyard, has the date 1663, with the initials R. E., P. E. The Communion-Table is dated 1637. The chalice is Elizabethan, inscribed "+ The Cuppe of Gwayniskor", and the paten is of pewter.

In passing through the village a glance was obtained of an old mansion-house with stone mullioned windows, a sundial on one of the gables, and the date 1651 over the doorway.

Llanasa Church.-After a short drive of two miles and a half Llanasa was reached, where the church has several points of interest. The principal feature of the exterior is a bell-gable at the west end, of much more massive construction than usual, being supported on a solid, rectangular block of masonry rising from the ground. The plan of the church is a rectangle, divided up the middle by an arcade of five low, pointed arches separating the nave and chancel, which are on the north side, from the south aisles. The church was partially rebuilt in 1739, and has more recently been well restored by the late Mr. G. E. Street. In the east windows of the chancel and south aisle is some good, old stained glass, the subjects being, in the former, the Crucifixion, with St. Mary and St. John, and with the sun and moon, and the emblems of the Passion : in the latter, an archbishop, St. Catherine, St. James, and St. Lawrence. The font is octagonal, the sides being decorated with Perpendicular tracery and paneling. In the south aisle is a well carved sepulchral slab bearing a leopard or lion on a shield, and inscribed, in Lombardic capitals, HIC IACET GRVFYD VACHAN.

Maen y Chwyfan.-The very beautiful and elaborately sculptured Hiberno-Saxon cross which bears the name of Maen y Chwyfan is situated a mile and a quarter west of Whitford, and four miles north-west of Holywell, at a height of 642 ft. above sea-level, on the south side of the Sarn Hwlcin, just beyond the point where the road from Llanasa to Holywell joins it. It stands in a field, and is protected by a wooden railing. The cross is erected on a rectangular stone base, devoid of ornament, and having its upper surface level with the ground. The shaft and head of the cross are formed of a single piece of yellowish brown sandstone. The outline of the monument resembles that of the most common type of cross found in Cornwall, which is sometimes called a "wheel-cross", having a rectangular shaft and circular head without any projections. The wheel-cross is unknown in Scotland, Ireland, or England (except at Chester); but there are examples in Wales, at Llantwit Major, Llangan, and Margam, in Glamorganshire; at Llanarthney in Carmarthenshire; and in the Isle of Man, at Kirk Braddan and Lonan. The shape of the outline of the Maen y Chwyfan, however, differs from that of the crosses enumerated in having a much loftier shaft; so that in this respect it has more in common with