are restricted as much as possible on account of the pain. The disease is difficult to distinguish from intercostal neuralgia, in which disease, however, the pain is usually more limited and paroxysmal, and there are tender points along the course of the nerves. If it happens to be attended by a slight febrile excitement and a cough, pleurodynia closely resembles pleurisy (q.v.), but the physical signs of the latter affection are wanting. The pain may be completely relieved by strapping the chest with strips of adhesive plaster. Mild counter-irritation and stimulating liniments are very often useful. The general treatment is that of rheumatism (q.v.). PLEURONECTIDE. See FLATFISH; FLOUN

DER.

PLEUROPNEUMONIA (Neo-Lat., from Gk. Tλevpá, pleura, side + vevμovía, pneumonia, pneumonia), LUNG PLAGUE, LUNG FEVER, PERIPNEUMONIE (Fr.), LUNGENSEUCHE (Ger.). A malignant contagious disease of cattle, characterized by an inflammatory process accompanied by exudation on the pleura and in the lungs. The disease has been recognized in Europe since the close of the eighteenth century. Domestic cattle, the buffalo, and the yak are most susceptible to it. Goats, pigs, horses, and carnivora are very resistant, and man is immune. It occurs at present in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. It has been eradicated from Great Britain, the last case having been observed in 1896. The disease was introduced into the United States in 1843, and was finally eradicated through the efforts of the Bureau of Animal Industry in 1892. Consult Law, "The Lung Plague of Cattle," in the Farmers' Veterinary Adviser (Ithaca, N. Y., 1892).

PLEUROTOMARIA (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Gk. Neupov, pleuron, rib + Toμápiov, tomarion, diminutive of rouos, tomos, cut, slice, from TéμVELV, temnein, to cut). The typical genus of Pleurotomaridæ, a family of scutibranchiate gastropods. While quite rare at the present time, this genus was abundantly represented in the seas of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. Its ancestral form is apparently the genus Raphistoma, a small shell of the early Ordovician, with low spire and sharply angular whorls. Pleurotomaria itself, with elevated spire and prominent slit band, made its appearance in the Silurian, and with a great variety of forms and allied genera it attained its maximum in the seas of Mesozoic time, since when it has been gradually declining to the present time. This large genus, embracing several hundred species, is split up into a number of subgenera. One of the most important allies. of Pleurotomaria is the Paleozoic genus Murchisonia (q.v.).

PLEVNA, plěvʼnå, or PLEVEN. A town of Bulgaria, situated on a tributary of the Danube and on the Sofia-Varna Railway, about 85 miles northeast of Sofia (Map: Balkan Peninsula, E 3). The town has a considerable trade in cattle and wine. It is connected by a branch railway line with the Danube. Population, in 1900,

18.709.

Plevna is famous for the role which it played

in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877. Garrisoned only by a small Turkish force at the beginning of the war, the place became, after the taking of Nikopoli by the Russians (July 16,

1877), the centre of operations in the western part of the theatre of war in Bulgaria. Just as the Russians were preparing to march toward Sofia, Osman Pasha arrived with a part of his army at Plevna. The Turkish forces at that point now amounted to 17,000 men with 58 guns, and the Russians dared not advance leaving this unexpected enemy in their rear. On July 20, 1877, an assault by a comparatively small force of Russians was repulsed, their loss being about 2800 men. The result of the first assault revealed to the Russians the strength of the Turkish forces at Plevna, and accordingly the Russian forces were increased to about 32,000 men, with 176 guns. The second attack, on July 30th, led by General Krüdener, was also unsuccessful, and the Russians lost over 7000 men. The besieging army was augmented by about 35,000 Rumanians, while the Turkish forces were also increased to about 36,000 men, with 70 guns. On September 7th the bombardment was resumed, and in a desperate assault on September 11th General Scobeleff captured three trenches, but was compelled to abandon them on the following day. The Russians and Rumanians lost nearly 16,000 men between September 7th and 11th, and it was then decided to invest the town by a large army and compel its surrender by cutting off its supplies. These operations were successfully carried out under the direction of Totleben, and the besieged army, which had by that time been increased to about 45,000 men, soon began to suffer from lack of supplies and ammunition. Osman Pasha finally decided to break through the Russian chain, and accordingly crossed the Vid with his entire army on the night of December 9-10, and after an unsuccessful attack was thrown back toward the river, but, unable to the stream, surrendered unconditionally after a hard fight, in which he himself was wounded. The Russians took 40,000 prisoners and 77 guns. The total loss of the besieging army in killed and wounded was about 40,000 men.

cross

Consult: Osman Pasha, Défense de Plevna, d'après les documents réunis par Mouzaffer Pasha et Taalat Bey (Paris, 1889); Herbert, The Defense of Plevna (London, 1895).

PLEXIMETER. See PERCUSSION.

PLEYEL, pli'el, IGNAZ (1757-1831). An Austrian composer, born in Ruppersthal, near Vienna. He studied music under Wanhal and Haydn, and made in early life an extensive tour of Italy to hear the works of the best composers. In 1783 he was made kapellmeister of the Strassburg Cathedral, and there composed most of the works on which his popularity rests. In the winter of 1791-92 he was engaged as the conductor of the London Professional Concerts. He returned to Strassburg and subsequently went to Paris (1795), and after a successful career in that city as a publisher of music and pianoforte manufacturer under the firm name of Pleyel, Wolff et Cie., retired to an estate which he had purchased near the capital. His compositions, consisting of quartettes, concertantes, sonatas, are full of agreeable melodies, someevidence of genius. He died on his own estate, times light and trivial, but occasionally giving

near Paris.

and

PLIANT, DAME. A pretty, silly widow in Ben Jonson's comedy The Alchemist.

PLIANT, SIR PAUL. A henpecked, stupid husband in Congreve's Double Dealer. Lady Pliant is a handsome, silly woman who rules her old husband and presumes on his blindness.

PLICA (Neo-Lat., from Lat. plicare, to fold), TRICHOMA, PLICA POLONICA. A condition in which the hair of the scalp, the beard, or the hair of the pubes becomes matted together, forming a stiff mass or a firm rope, which is exceedingly difficult to disentangle. The condition is observed among the inhabitants of Galicia, Posen, Poland, and Silesia, and is due to neglect, especially during illness. It was formerly regarded as a disease. Naturally, such a mass becomes easily infested with fungi and vermin. Superstition prevents cutting or combing the hair, as the matting is believed to prevent sickness and misfortune.

PLIMSOLL, plim'sol, SAMUEL (1824-1898). An English reformer, known as "The Sailor's Friend. He was born and educated in Bristol. As a coal dealer in London he began to take an interest in the carrying trade and to remark upon the risks to sailors in being shipped upon over-laden or unseaworthy vessels, largely insured. As a member of Parliament (for Derby), and by his book Our Seamen (1873), he aroused so much discussion of the abuses that his measures for reform ultimately were adopted. His Cattle Ships (1890) was written with a view to reformation in that branch of the merchant service, and his name is remembered by the 'Plimsoll mark' on all ships, above which they must not be

Laden. See LOAD LINE MARKS OF VESSELS.

PLINTH (Lat. plinthus, from Gk. \iveos, plinthos, brick, tile, plinth). The square member at the bottom of the base of a column. Also the plain projecting band forming a base of a wall. PLIN'Y THE ELDER, GAIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS. The author of the celebrated Historia Natu

ralis. He was born in the north of Italy, probably at Novum Comum (Como), A.D. 23. Whether it was his birthplace or not, Novum Comum was certainly his family's place of residence, since he had estates in its neighborhood. While still young he was sent to Rome, where his ample means and high connections secured him the best education. At the age of twenty-three he entered the army, and served in Germany as commander of a troop of cavalry under Lucius Pomponius Secundus, of whom, in later life, he wrote a memoir. He traveled over nearly all the frontier of that extensive province, visited the Chauci and the sources of the Danube, composed during the intervals of military duty his treatise De Iaculatione Equestri, and commenced a history (afterwards completed in twenty books) of the Germanie wars. On his return to Rome in 52 with Pomponius, he entered on the study of juris prudence; but his pleading was unsuccessful, and, accordingly, he retired to his native place. There he wrote his Studiosus, a treatise in three books on the training of a young orator from the nursery to his entrance on public life, and apparently intended to guide the education of his nephew; also his grammatical work, Dubius Sermo, in eight books. Shortly before Nero's death we find him a procurator in Spain, where, in 71, he heard of his brother-in-law's decease, and of his being intrusted with the guardianship of his nephew, Pliny the Younger, whom he adopted on his return to Rome before 73. Ves

pasian, the reigning Emperor, whom he had known while in Germany, received him as one of his most intimate friends; and it was at this period that he completed, in 31 books, and brought down to his own time the Roman history of Aufidius Bassus. His mode of study at this time was a model of systematic assiduity. He would begin his studies by candle-light in autumn at a late hour of the night, and in winter at one or two in the morning. Before daybreak he would call on the Emperor, for whom he would proceed to execute various commissions; this done he would return home and resume his studies. A slender meal would follow; after which he would take notes or extracts from the books which were read to him. The practice of jotting down important facts or observations was habitual with him, and he was often heard to say that there was no book, however bad, from which some good could not be got. A cold bath, followed by a light meal and a short sleep, occupied another interval, after which he would study till the cena, or dinner-time. Even at this meal some book was read to him on which he would make comments. When on a journey, again, he was never without a secretary at his elbow, provided with a book and tablets. By this mode of life he collected an immense mass of materials, from which he compiled his great Historia Naturalis, published about 77. No fewer than 160 volumina of notes were found at his death, two years afterwards. At the time of the great eruption of Vesuvius, which overwhelmed Herculaneum and Pompeii, in 79, he was stationed off Misenum, in command of the Roman fleet. Eager to examine the phenomenon more closely, he landed at Stabiæ, where he was suffocated by the vapors caused by the eruption. He was, as his nephew tells us, corpulent and asthmatic, and so sank the more readily. None of his attendants shared his fate. The story of his death is described in two letters of his nephew, Pliny the Younger, to Tacitus, written many years after the event (v., 16 and 20).

Of all his works, only his Historia Naturalis has come down to us. It comprehends astronomy, meteorology, geography, mineralogy, zoology, botany, everything, in short, which is a natural or non-artificial product. Moreover, the work is interspersed with digressions on such subjects as human institutions and inventions, and the history of the fine arts. It is divided into 37 books, the first of them being a dedicatory epistle to Titus, with a table of contents of the remaining books, and embraces, as we are told in the preface, 20,000 matters of importance, extracted from about 2000 volumes. Its scientific merit is not great. There is little attempt at philosophical arrangement; the observations are nearly all taken at second hand, and show small discrimination in separating the true from the false, or the probable from the marvelous. His meaning is often obscure, owing to his lack of personal acquaintance with the matters of which he treats and his failure to grasp the true sense of the authors whom he cites or translates. But the work is a great monument of industry and research, and most valuable as supplying us with details on a great variety of subjects as to which we have no other means of information. best critical editions of the text are those of Sillig (8 vols., Gotha, 1851-58); Jan (Leipzig, 1875-80); and Mayhoff (a recension of Jan,

The

Leipzig, 1875-97). There is an old English translation by Holland (London, 1601), and a more recent one, in Bohn's Library, by Bostock and Riley (London, 1855-57). Pliny's chapters on the history of art are edited, with commentary, by Jex-Blake and Sellers (London, 1896).

PLINY THE YOUNGER (GAIUS PLINIUS CÆCILIUS SECUNDUS). A nephew of Pliny the Elder, and son of Gaius Cæcilius. He was born at Novum Comum (Como), A.D. 62. He was still young when he lost his father, and was adopted by his uncle, under whose care, and that of his mother, Plinia, and his tutor, Virginius Rufus, his education was conducted. Passionately devoted to literature, he wrote a Greek tragedy at the age of thirteen. He studied eloquence under Quintilian, and became so famous for his literary accomplishments that he acquired the reputation of being one of the most learned men of the age. His oratorical powers were also considerable; in his nineteenth year he began to speak in the Forum,

and his services as an advocate before the court of the centumviri and the Roman Senate were in frequent request. He held numerous official appointments; served, while a young man, as tribunus militum in Syria, where he listened to the teaching of Euphrates the Stoic, and Artemidorus; was afterwards quæstor Cæsaris; was prætor about 93, and consul in 100, when he wrote his Panegyricus, an adulatory eulogium of the Emperor Trajan. He was appointed, in 103, proprætor of the Province Pontica or Bithynia, an office which he vacated in less than two years; and he also discharged the function of curator of the banks and channel of the Tiber. He was twice married, his second wife being Calpurnia, granddaughter of Calpurnius Fabatus. Our knowledge of Pliny the Younger is mainly derived from his letters or Epistula, of which there are ten books. He collected them himself, and probably wrote many of them with a view to publication. They hold a high place in epistolary literature, and give us many interesting glimpses into the life of their author and his contemporaries. Pliny himself appears in them to considerable advantage, as a genial and philanthropic man, enamored of literary studies, and fond of improving his estates by architectural adornment. His ample fortune was liberally bestowed, and his slaves always found in him an indulgent master. He never enjoyed robust health; but of the time or cause of his death we know nothing. Of his letters, one of the most interesting is the one to the Emperor Trajan (Book x., 97), written while Pliny was Governor of Bithynia, and asking for instruction in regard to the policy to be pursued against the stubborn sect of Christians; this is one of the earliest notices of the Christians in Roman writers. The best editions of Pliny's Panegyricus and Epistule together are those of Schaefer (Leipzig, 1805) and Keil (ib., 1892); of the Epistula alone, that of Gierig (ib., 1806). Of English translations, there are the Panegyricus by Bond (London, 1724) and the Epistula by Melmoth (ib., 1746); 10th ed. 1805) and Lord Orrery (ib., 1752). An excellent sketch of Pliny's life by Rendall is printed in Mayor's edition of Book iii. of the Epistula (ib., 1880).

PLIOCENE EPOCH (from Gk. Nelwv, pleion, more, comparative of woλús, polys, much, many

+ kaɩvós, kainos, new). The name given by Sir Charles Lyell to the uppermost division of the Tertiary system. Pliocene rocks are not extensively developed in America, but in Europe they are of great importance. Along the Atlantic coast of the United States isolated areas have been found from Virginia southward to Florida; and similar patches occur on the Pacific coast, the Merced series of the San Francisco peninsula having a thickness of nearly 6000 feet. basins in which fresh-water strata were deposited. In the interior there are a number of Pliocene similar strata in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Oregon The Goodnight and Blanco stages of Texas and

were laid down in fresh-water lakes. The Pliocene of Europe comprises extensive deposits in Spain, France, Italy, Sicily, and Greece, and England. The life of the Pliocene epoch is quite smaller areas in Belgium, Northern France, and modern in character, although many species of both plants and animals are no longer existent. The rhinoceros, horse, llama, sloth, mastodon, and peccary inhabited North America at that time, while the European fauna included many forms which resemble those living at present in Africa. See TERTIARY SYSTEM.

PLI'OSAURUS (Neo-Lat., from Eng. pliocene+Gk. σaûpos, sauros, lizard). A gigantic Plesiosaurus with large head and short neck. See PLESIOSAURUS.

PLOCK, plåtsk. A government occupying the northwestern part of Russian Poland, bounded by Prussia on the north. Area, 3674 square miles. The surface is slightly elevated toward the north and slopes toward the valley of the Vistula. The chief rivers are the Vistula, which forms the southern and western boundaries of the government, and the Narev. The soil is well adapted for agriculture, which is the chief occupation. Rye, potatoes, oats, and beets are the principal agricultural products, the last named being raised for the beet-sugar mills in the governments of Plock and Warsaw. Stock-breeding is also important. The manufacturing industries are confined mostly to the production of sugar, flour, spirits, and trimmed lumber. Population, in 1897, 556,877.

PLOCK. One of the oldest cities of Russian

Poland and capital of the Government of Plock, picturesquely situated on the right bank of the Vistula, about 60 miles west-northwest of Warsaw (Map: Russia, B 4). It is a pretty town with a fine public garden, a town hall, a cathedral founded in the twelfth century, two gymnasia, a seminary for teachers, a theatre, and a number of libraries. The manufacturing industries are of little importance, but there is a considerable trade in grain, which is carried by the Vistula to Germany. Population, in 1897, 27,073. Plock is mentioned in connection with the introduction of Christianity into Poland in the tenth century. medieval Principality of Masovia. It was the capital of the

turned after having been professor at the School of Art in Weimar from 1866 to 1869. His religious paintings excel in lofty conception, great truthfulness and depth of expression, and a masterly technique, placing him in the front rank as a colorist. Foremost among them is the "Contest of Archangel Michael with Satan for the Body of Moses" (1861-66) in the Cologne Museum, and other noteworthy specimens include "Mary and John Returning from Christ's Tomb," in the Löwenstein Gallery at Moscow; "Christ and the Adulteress," "Mater Dolorosa" (1860), both in the Leipzig Museum; and "Resurrection" (1867), in the Cathedral at Marienwerder. Among his more recent works may be mentioned "Christ's Entry into Jerusalem" (1892) and "Abide with Us" (1895). Of several meritorious portraits, those of Emperor William I. and Empress Augusta (1876) are in the National Gallery, Berlin.

PLOESTI, pló-és'tê. A town of Rumania.

See PLOYESHTI.

PLOMBIÈRES, plôx'byar'. A fashionable watering-place in the Department of Vosges, France, 13 miles south of Epinal (Map: France, N 4). It is picturesquely situated in a deep valley on the Augronne and is celebrated for a number of mineral and thermal springs, known since the time of the Romans. The place was embellished by Stanislas Leszczynski in the eighteenth century, and by Napoleon III. in the nineteenth. There are sumptuous public and private bathhouses, a hospital founded by Stanislas, two large hotels, a casino, a park, and promenades. Population, in 1901, 1830. At Plombières in July, 1858, occurred the secret meeting between Napoleon III. and Cavour which led to the conclusion of an alliance between France and Sardinia against Austria. See ITALY; CAVOUR.

In

PLONGÉE, plôN'zha' (Fr., plunged). military science, a term meaning a slope toward the front. The plongée of a shell in artillery fire is that part of the curve of the trajectory between its highest altitude and the point at which it strikes the earth. In fortification the plongée is the superior slope of the parapet toward the front. The slope of the latter varies from 1 in 9 to 1 in 4.

PLÖNNIES, plēnēz, LUISE VON (1803-72). A German lyrist and religious poet, born at Darmstadt. Her sketches of travel in Belgium, pub

lished in 1847, won her election to the Brussels Royal Academy. Her lyric ability is best shown by her translations: Britannia (1843), Englische Lyriker des 19. Jahrhunderts (1863), though some of her original works have merit, such as Gedichte (1844); a sonnet sequence, Abälard und Heloise (1849); and Die sieben Raben (1862; 3d ed. 1866). Of her religious poems the best known are: Lilien auf dem Felde (1864); a drama, Maria Magdalena (1870); and David (1873).

Wirken und Ende des Generals Leberecht vom Knopf (1869; 2d ed. 1877; written under the pseudonym Ludwig Siegrist). His works on firearms are very valuable. They include: Neue Studien über die gezogene Feuerwaffe der Infanterie (1861-64), Das Zündnadelgewehr (1865), Hinterladungsgewehre (1867), and, with Weygandt, Die deutsche Gewehrfrage (1871).

Prince Napoleon, son of Jerome Bonaparte, in alPLON-PLON, plôn' plôN'. A name given to lusion to his cowardice in the Crimean War. The word is a corruption of plomb-plomb (lead).

PLOTINUS (Lat., from Gk. II\wrivos, Plotinos). The most original and important philosopher of the Neo-Platonic school. He was born at Lycopolis, in Egypt, about A.D. 205; but such was his utter indifference to things human, "being ashamed almost to live in a body," that he never would divulge even his parentage. He would never allow his birthday to be celebrated, although he gave feasts on those of Socrates and Plato; nor would he ever permit a painter or sculptor to perpetuate his features, or, as he called it, to produce the image of an image-the body being to him only a faint image of existence. His body was altogether contemptible in his eyes; he would see no physician in his illness, and was very sparing in the use of food, refraining from meat, often even from bread. Strangely enough, his desire for the study of philosophy did not arise within him before his twenty-eighth year, when he repaired to Alexandria, and there, after having sat at the feet of the great masters for some time without feeling satisfied with their teachings, he at last became acquainted with Ammonius Saccas, and in him found the desired teacher. For ten years he zealously attended his lectures, and although he had agreed, with two fellow-students, never to make known aught of Ammonius's teachings to the world, he yet became the chief representative and author of that school, less as a pupil than as an independent thinker, who, taking his stand upon its theorems, developed them to their full extent. In 242 he joined Gordianus's expedition to Persia, in order to devote himself to the philosophy of India and Persia; but the Emperor being murdered in Mesopotamia, he had to repair hurriedly to Antioch, whence, in 244, he went to Rome. His lectures here were attended by crowds not only of eager youths, but of men and women of the highest circles. Not only Platonic wisdom, in Neo-Platonic garb, but asceticism and the charm of a purely contemplative life, were the themes on which he, in ever-new variations, and with an extraordinary depth and brilliancy, held and such was the impression his earnestness made upon his hearers, that several of them really gave up their fortunes to the poor, set their slaves free, and devoted themselves to a life of study and ascetic piety. Dying parents intrusted their children and money to him, well knowing that a more honest guardian, and one more anxious for his charges, could not be found. It is hardly surprising to find that his contemporaries coupled with his rare virtues the gift of working miracles. At the age of sixty he thought of founding an aristocratical and communistic commonwealth on the model of Plato's Republic, and obtained from the Emperor Gallienus a grant of two cities in Campania as a site for his Platonopolis'; but courtiers prevented the fulfillment of this promise. Plotinus died in

forth;

270, at Puteoli (now Pozzuoli), when sixty-six years of age.

Plotinus's system was based chiefly on Plato's theorem of the ideas; only that while Plato assumed the ideas to be the link between the visible and the invisible, or between the supreme Deity and the world, Plotinus held the doctrine of emanation, that is, the constant transmission of powers from the absolute to the creation, through several agencies, the first of which is 'pure intelligence,' whence flows the 'soul of the world,' whence, again, the souls of 'men' and 'animals,' and finally 'matter' itself. Men thus belong to two worlds, that of the senses and that of pure intelligence. It depends upon ourselves, however, to which of the two worlds we direct our thoughts most and finally belong. The ordinary virtues, as justice, moderation, valor, and the like, are only the beginning and very first preparation to our elevation into the spiritual realm; purification, or the exercise of purifying virtues, is a further step, to which we attain partly through mathematics and dialectic; and the abandonment of all earthly interests for those of intellectual meditation is the nearest approach to the goal. The higher our soul rises in this sphere of intellect, the deeper it sinks into the ocean of the good and the pure, until at last its union with God is complete, and it is no longer thought but vision and ecstasies which pervade it. He held a mysterious belief in a kind of metempsychosis, by which souls, not sufficiently purified during life, return after death, and inhabit, according to their bent, men, animals, or even plants. He further held views of his own respecting gods and demons, whom he divided into different classes, according to their degrees; and professed faith in mantic, astrology, and magic, the conviction of the truth of which sciences he derived from his theory of the harmony in the intellectual world reflected by the material world. Yet it is clear from his dicta on these subjects that he did not believe in these so-called sciences in the gross sense of the herd, but that he had a vague knowledge of those mysterious laws of attraction and repulsion which go through nature. Plotinus's philosophy, which, as it were, tried to combine all the systems of Anaxagoras, Parmenides, the Pythagoreans, Plato, and Socrates, and the Stoa into one, was the last and boldest attempt of the ancient Greek world to explain the mystery of the creation and of existence. Its influence upon modern philosophy is remarkable. From Spinoza to Schelling, the reminiscences of Plotinus, irrespective of the drift of particular parts of their systems, recur constantly. NEO-PLATONISM.

See

Plotinus's works were well-nigh forgotten, when Marsilius Ficinus first published a Latin paraphrase of them (Florence, 1492), which was followed by the editio princeps of the original (Basel, 1580 and 1615). The first critical edition, however, is due to Creuzer (Oxford, 1835, 3 vols.). Others are those of Dübner (Paris, 1855), Kirchhoff (1856), and Volkmann (Leipzig. 1883-84). Parts of his works were translated into German by Engelhard (1820); into English by Taylor (1794 and 1817); into French by Bouillet (1861). Consult: Kirchner, Die Philosophie des Plotinus (Halle, 1854); Richter, Neuplatonische Studien (ib., 1864-67); Brenning, Die Lehre vom Schönen bei Plotin (Göttingen, 1864); Kleist, Plotinische Studien (Hei

delberg, 1883); Pisynos, Die Tugendlehre des Plotin (Leipzig, 1895).

As

PLOUG, plô, PARMO CARL (1813-94). A Daneditor of the Fædreland (the Fatherland) from ish poet and politician, born in Kolding. 1841 to 1881, he used his pen to uphold the naof the constitutional convention in 1848-49, and tional Scandinavian spirit. He was a member from 1854 to 1857 of the Folkething. His popular student songs were published under a penname as Poul Rytters Viser og Vers (1847), and in 1861 his complete poems, Samlede Digte, appatriotic, were Nyete Sange og Digte (1869), peared. His later volumes of verse, erotic and Nye Digte (1883), and the posthumous Eftertadte Digte (1895).

PLOVER (OF. plovier, Fr. pluvier, from ML. pluvarius, plover, from Lat. pluvia, rain, from pluere, to rain; connected with Gk. πλeîv, plein, Skt. plu, pru, to swim, and ultimately with Lith. plusti, Lett. pludet, AS. fleostan, OHG. fliozzan, Ger. fliessen, to flow; so called because the bird appears during the rainy season). Alimicoline bird of the subfamily Charadriinæ, of the large shorebird family Charadriidæ, having a bill somewhat like that of a pigeon, with a convex horny terminal portion, behind which it is tracted; the legs not very long, naked a little above

con

the tarsal joint; BEAK OF THE GOLDEN PLOVER. the wings rather

long and pointed, the first quill-feather the longest; and usually only three toes. The species are about 60 in number, found in every quarter of the globe, and many are migratory and of very wide range. They chiefly frequent low moist grounds, where they congregate in flocks, and feed on worms, insects, and the like, and some of them are table delicacies. The golden or yellow plover (Charadrius dominicus) is 11 inches long, blackish, speckled with yellow at the tips and edges of the feathers; the throat, breast, and belly black in summer, whitish in winter. It is a bird of passage in the United States, breeds in the far north, and winters in Central and South America, going even as far as Patagonia. In the Eastern United States it is more common in fall than in spring. It makes an artless nest, little more than a slight depression of the ground, and lays four eggs. The parent birds show great anxiety for the protection of their young, and use various stratagems to divert the attention of an enemy. The genus Ægialitis comprises the ringed plovers, much smaller birds, characterized by their dark neck bands. The ringed plover (Egialitis hiaticula) is found in Greenland and the Arctic regions of America, but is most abundant in the northerly parts of the Old World. It occurs at almost all seasons on sandy and shingly flats, from which the sea retires at ebb-tide. It is often to be seen also on the banks of large rivers, lakes, and ponds. It is grayish-brown above, whitish beneath, with a collar of white round the neck, and below it a black-in winter, a brown-collar; the head marked with black and white; a white bar on the wing.

In the United States six species exist, all