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the soundings are clay and mud; but to the northward of Femeren Island, the bottom is coarse sand, stones, and shells.

From abreast of Westerness your course will be about S.E., which continue for 7 leagues, then steer S.E. by E., 7 or 8 leagues more; these courses will carry you to the southward of the Trindelen dangerous shoals, when an E.N.E. direction will round them.

In your passage from Westerness you will see several churches on the Laaland side, but do not go too near that shore, for a flat encompasses the whole of the southern land; nor will it be advisable to borrow too near the northern part of Femeren Island, on account of a reef, discovered by the Sybelle, which is opposite to Gammendorf, and has only 3 and 4 fathoms over it, though it extends 1 mile from the shore. Between this part and the Laaland shore, the ground is soft and oazy, and the depth of water from 10 to 16 fathoms. As you advance to the south-eastward, along the Laaland shore, the sandy flat becomes very broad, running far into the sea, especially as you approach the Trindelen.

FEMEREN LIGHT.-By_orders issued from the Danish Authorities, a new lighthouse has been erected on the north-east side of the Island Femeren; this stands on the Oldenburgh Huk, in the vicinity of the Ruttguards dangerous reef. Upon it, at the height of 96 feet from the level of the sea, is placed a lamp, which may be seen, when the eye is elevated 10 feet above the water around the whole island, at the distance of 15 miles, until you get within 1 or 2 miles of the shore. Within this distance, or on any bearing between S. 70° W., and S. 15° E., the light will be hid by the hill of Catharienhof. This light consists of 6 lamps with reflectors, which are made to revolve in every 3 minutes, during the interval of which, a strong light will be seen 6 times, each light showing itself for about 10 seconds, and then disappearing for 20 seconds, although, when nearer, the reflection of the lamps will be perceptible between the appearances of the lights.

The light on Femeren will thus be distinguished from all other lights in the vicinity by its revolving principle, for all those in its vicinity are stationary.

From the light on Giedser Odde, the south point of Falster, the Femeren light bears W. 9° N., distant 25 miles, and from the light upon Fakkebierg, the south end of Langeland, S. 33° E., distant 23 miles. It is intended to be kept lighted constantly; from Easter to Michaelmas one hour, and from Michaelmas one half-hour after sun-set to sun-rise.

TRINDELEN.-On the Trindelen Point, called also Giedesbye Head, or in the Danish language, Giedser Odde, a lighthouse is erected; it exhibits a fixed lamp light, at an elevation of 44 feet, and may be seen 11 miles off in clear weather; it stands of a mile from the extreme point of the land, to the northward of which are two churches, Giedesbye and Skielbye; when first these are seen, in coming from the Belt, they appear at a great distance from the Point, but as you sail onward to the S.E. and E.S.E., you will bring them in one with the point; the northern one is red, with a short pointed steeple; the southern one is white, with a square steeple: these were formerly considered good objects to distinguish this dangerous part of the coast by, but since the light has been placed there, mariners need be under no apprehension of mistaking it. In rounding Giedesbye Head, a wide berth must be given, for reefs and knolls lie off it to a great distance. The dangerous part of this reef stretches out S.E. E. from the light, and a beacon is erected, having a black barrel on its summit, as a guide to navigators in the day-time; it stands on a rising ground, and when brought in a line with the lighthouse, you are in the direction of the reef; in such a case, keep out to sea to avoid it, and when going to the eastward, if the barrel is open to the west of the lighthouse, you are clear of the reef; and when seen open to the eastward, you will also be clear on the opposite side.* Ships of small draught will find water enough between the Trindelen and the shore; but, unless well known, a pilot will be necessary. Three triangularly-situated sands, with 4 and 5 fathoms over them, are near the extremity of the reef, distant between 8 and 9 miles from the point of land. These are what are now called the Superb's Shoals; the southernmost of them bears from the lighthouse S.E. by S., distant 9 miles, and has 4 and 4 fathoms over it; the middle

* This beacon has either been blown down or taken away, and a red buoy has been laid down near the same spot, which may be only till the beacon is re-placed.

shoal is a little to the north-eastward of this, and bears from the same lighthouse S.E., having only 43 fathoms over it; the other knoll is to the northward, and bears from the lighthouse E.S.E., distant 8 miles; all three are surrounded with 7, 8, 9, and 10 fathoms

water.

DARS HEAD is S.E. by E. from the Trindelen Shoal, distant 15 miles: these two points may be considered as the south-eastern extremes of the Belts.

On the southern shores of Holstein and Mecklenburgh, are the towns of Kiel, Neustadt, Lubeck, Wismar and Rostock.

KIEL. This town stands upon the banks of the Fiord, from whence the canal has been formed, which joins the Baltic to the German Ocean; it extends 22 English miles, is from 90 to 100 feet wide, and 10 feet deep, having 6 sluices, and being calculated to receive vessels 95 feet in length, 24 in width, and of 9 feet draught. In war times, this canal was much frequented; and, in 1803, no less than 3,651 vessels passed through it.* The channel to Kiel runs in S.W. W. so far as the town, with 7, 6, and 5 fathoms; and you may anchor before Christianprus, or running farther on, to Kiel. On the western side of the entrance of the Port of Kiel, are three harbour lights; the first, at Bulk Point, a fixed light, exhibited at the end of the pilot house, 33 feet above the sea, and visible about 10 miles; the second, on the rampart of Fredericksort Castle, 2 miles higher; and a third, at Holtenau, on the north side of the entrance to Holstein Canal. On Fredericksort Reef, a beacon, in the form of a pyramid, has been erected, being at night-time visible 20 feet (Holstein measurement) above the reef, and is painted white. This beacon is placed on the outermost point of the reef; and shipmasters have only to keep about 400 feet east of the beacon, in order to pass the corner of the right fairway. The Fredericksort light is at the distance of 385 feet (Holstien) W.N.W. of the beacon.

NEUSTADT LIGHT.-An intermitting light has been established on Point Pelzerhagen, in the Gulf of Lubeck, near the entrance to Neustadt Harbour. It gives a strong flash every two minutes; but shows during that interval, a continuous though much weaker light, and each flash is preceded and followed by a momentary darkness. The height of the lantern being 48 feet above the level of the sea, the flashes may be seen, in clear weather, 8 or 9 miles, and the weaker light about 6 miles.

The lighthouse, which is white-washed, bears by compass from Travemunde, N. by E. E., about 2 leagues, and S.E. by E., about a league from the entrance of Neustadt Harbour.

LUBECK was formerly a place of great trade, but much diminished of late; it is situated on the River Trave; the entrance is shallow, and vessels can go no higher than the Town of Travemunde, where ships, drawing more than 10 feet, commonly discharge their cargoes. On the inland side, there is a partial navigation up the Trave; and that river being joined, a little above the town, by the Stokenitz, flat-bottomed vessels sail up the latter, to the little canal, which conveys them to the Elbe and Hamburgh. The staple commerce is corn.

At a mile below Travemunde, on the western shore, is a fixed light, at 112 feet above the level of the sea. The channel, within the harbour, is now buoyed with black buoys on the eastern side, and white on the western. The light bearing W. by S., leads directly into the harbour.

WISMAR is to the eastward of Lubeck, and situated in Lower Saxony; its entrance is much encumbered with sands, but there are two entrances between them; that to the westward is called the Middle Deep, and that to the eastward the Great Deep; a large sandy flat, called the Hannibal, dividing the two channels. In order to render the approach to this port less dangerous, the channels have been buoyed in the following manner:-first, a red buoy has been placed upon the Shelf, called the Lackelberg, which runs down from the Island of Poel. To the N.W. of this red buoy, distant 11⁄2 mile, is a white buoy, lying on the S.E. side of the Hannibal shoal; and between these buoys is the Great Deep. The buoys lie in 3 fathoms, and, in fair weather, will be visible of a mile off. Ships coming from the eastward, so soon as they have passed Buckhoft, should run right on, until opposite the steeple of Alten Gahrtz; and when

* The number of vessels which passed this canal, in 1843, was greater than in any former year, viz.:-3,865 vessels. Coffee and Sugar are the most important articles, as regards duty, which pass through the canal of Holstien.

within 2 miles of it, they may continue their course at the same proximity to the shore, or at even a greater distance. The reef, called the Wustrow, though a hard white sand, is by no means dangerous, and vessels may sail over it with 3 and 3 fathoms.

When a ship has reached up to the red buoy, she will bring St. Mary's, the highest steeple in Wismar, S. by W., and the pilot's house, at Poel, S.W. by W.; then steering in that direction, may, with a fair wind, approach towards the Island of Poel, into the depth of 3 fathoms. Towards the land you will perceive a pole, with a red, and another pole with a white, basket; these poles should be passed thus:-the red one to the port or larboard, and the white one to the starboard. It is not expected that a vessel can reach the flags without a pilot, except a violent gale should prevent one coming off. The marks for the white buoy of the Hannibal, are St. Mary's steeple bearing south, and the steeple of Hoenkerehen S.W. S. The course, from thence to Poel, will be S. by W.

Vessels coming from the northward, and wishing to pass through the Middle Deep, will find a large black buoy lying between the small island of Lieps and the Hannibal; the marks for which will be, the Church of Poel bearing S.S.E. E., and St. Mary's Steeple S. by E. E.; leave the black buoy on your starboard side, and your course to Poel will be S.S.E. But a pilot will come on board when you get into the neighbourhood of the buoys.

WISMAR.—August 27th, 1844.-In order to facilitate the entrance into the fairwater, the already existing sea-marks have been increased:

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1. With a circular black-and-white painted buoy, at the innermost or S.E. shallows, called Hannibal, in 5 fathoms water, with the Church Steeple on Poel S.S.E. & E.; the outermost point of Keutzer Ort W.N.W. W.; the Church Steeple on Proscken S.S.W.; and the Church Steeple of Hopenkirchen S.W.

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2. A white beacon or tun buoy, with a long pole, on which is a broad basket, situated on the east side of the Stony Ground, before the Island Lieps, in 15 feet water. 3. A red beacon, on the N.W. side of the shoal, in 16 feet water.

4. A red beacon, on the west side of Poel, in 14 feet water.

On entering from the eastward or the white buoy, the newly-placed circular blackand-white buoy, as also all the white sea-marks, must be left on the starboard, and the red on the port or larboard side. On entering from the north, or the black buoy, all the white sea-marks are to be passed on the starboard, and the red sea-marks on the port or larboard side.

ROSTOCK.-This is a large town, belonging to the Duchy of MecklenburghSchwerin; it is situated on the banks of the River Warnow, about 8 miles from the river's entrance, and is the principal sea-port of the Duchy. Small vessels, drawing only 8 feet water, can go up to the town; but larger vessels unload at Warnemunde, off the entrance of the river. The river is very narrow, and the channel has 2 and 3 fathoms water in it; but in some places it becomes shallower.

Entrance to Rostock. The following notice was received at Lloyd's, from their Agents at Rostock :-"Notice is hereby given-First, that a fire-beacon has been erected at Warnemunde, to the westward of the mouth of the harbour, which will be lighted this year (1836) for the first time, on the 1st of December; but, subsequently, it will burn from the 1st of August to the 30th of April, from sun-set to sun-rise. It consists of a sideral light, which will, in clear weather, be visible from a ship's deck at the distance of 2 German miles, and throws its reflection on all sides, in approaching, so that ships steering towards the coast must depend upon their soundings, and not on the reflection of the light. Second, that close to the beacon a pole has been put up, to which balls will be attached, to show the depth of water at the mouth of the harbour, to ships that are making for it, in such a manner, that a large ball, painted white and black, will denote a depth of water of 11 feet, Swedish measure; and every small black ball, above or below the white and black ball, will show foot depths of water, more or less. Third, that if a streamer be attached to the pole, it will denote to the ships coming in, that the current is setting inwards; and if the said streamer is not up, that the current is running out. Fourth, that in case the pilots cannot go out, in stormy weather, on account of the breakers, it will be signified by a flag, to be drawn up at the side of the balls; and the course which ships, making for the harbour, will have to take, will be pointed out to them from the Dike, by the raising or lowering of a small flag on one side or the other."

From Warnemunde to Dars Head, the coast is sandy, and may be approached to 3 or 4 fathoms. About 10 miles to the southward of Dars Head, stands the town of Wustrow, having a Church, with a short-spire steeple; there are also two windmills, which are remarkable objects, on the N.E. side of the town; and a light-coloured loamy cliff extends about 2 miles to the E.N.E.; and a little eastward of the cliff, stands a small Fishing Town, but no church: then commences the forest that extends to Dars Head. About 3 miles W.S.W. of Wustrow, stands the town of Neinhouson; and 3 or 4 miles farther westward, there is a forest, resembling Dars Head. There is good anchorage off Wustrow, in from 6 to 9 fathoms, the Church bearing S.E. by S., or S.S.E. Water may be procured here (each house having its well), but not provisions; the inhabitants receiving their supplies from Damgarton, on the opposite side of the lake. Wustrow contains about 2,000 inhabitants; the men are chiefly seamen.

Dars Head is covered with trees, and the land is low; near it is erected a lofty seamark, and, at a distance, it appears like a church. To the eastward is the low Island Zingst, which continues flat nearly to the entrance of the strait that leads to Stralsund and Griefswald. North-eastward of Dars Head, a flat, of 3 fathoms, stretches off full 4 miles; a shoal, having from 11 to 14 feet on it, lies E. by N., 34 miles from the Head; this shoal extends north and south nearly 2 miles. Eastward of the shoal, the flat of 4 fathoms extends all the way to Dornburch, in some places 4 miles from the land. A small patch, having only 21 feet upon it, lies with Dars Head bearing S.W. by W. W., 14 miles; and the northern land of Wittow, E. by S. 4 S.; this patch has 7 to 8 fathoms all round it; keeping Wittow E.S.E., clears it to the northward, or E. S., which will clear it to the southward.

STRALSUND.-Rugen is an irregularly shaped island, stretching out to 54° 41' N. It forms the eastern boundary of the channel to Stralsund and Griefswald. Stralsund is a considerable town, and belongs to Prussia; its harbour is safe and capacious, but its entrances are narrow; it will admit vessels drawing 15 feet water, but they must have the assistance of a pilot. Griefswald stands on the banks of the River Rick, and is 18 miles farther than Stralsund. The customary passage to Griefswald, is from the eastward; but having passed Dars Head and the Trindelen, you must consider yourself to be within the Baltic Sea.

The BEARINGS and DISTANCES of the PRINCIPAL PLACES in the GREat Belt. The Variation allowed is One Point and Three-quarters Westerly.

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THE BALTIC SEA.

NOTE.-The Variation in the Sound, is about 20°, or One Point and Three Quarters Westerly; up the Baltic it decreases, being near Gothland 15°, and off Domesness 130, Westerly; but off the Prussian Coast it increases to 161°, on the Coast of POMERANIA, and to 19° near the entrance to Stettin.

FROM THE SOUND TO BORNHOLM.

BEING abreast of FALSTERBO POINT, on which an excellent light is exhibited, from the 1st of August to the 15th of May following, and having given its reefs (off which a light-vessel is stationed) a good berth, your course towards Bornholm will be E.S.E., about 15 leagues; then steer E. by N., or E.N.E., and it will bring you to the north end of Bornholm; but should you drive nearer to the Swedish shore, you should beware of the reef which lies off a point of land about 7 miles east of Trelleborg, and 6 leagues from Falsterbo, called the Gooseberry Reef; go not into less than 12 fathoms water, and you will be sure to clear it; from thence, no danger, unless very near the land, will be found, until you reach Sandhammer's Reefs; these lie along the Swedish shore, and must not be approached too near. In passing along this part of the coast of Skania, the shores, though low and sandy, are free from rocks. The roadsteads of Trelleborg and Ystad are open to the seaward, and therefore only temporary shelter is to be expected at either of them.

The following remarks and directions for the little harbour of Ystad, which lies W.N.W. N., 34 miles from Bornholm Light, and a similar distance E. by S. from Falsterbo Lighthouse, are by Lieut. Waters, R.N., Commander of the Steam-vessel "St. George.'

"YSTAD is a tolerably good and convenient little pier harbour, of 11 and 12 feet water; but it is very dangerous if not known. A reef runs S.W. by compass, 1 mile at least, from a low point with a small house on it, a mile to the eastward of the pierhead; it is very shallow, rocky, and foul. There are four mills near the western end of the town, very remarkable; keep the three westernmost mills of the four, open of the western house of the town, and you will be quite clear of the reef-head, close to which are 5 and 4 fathoms; or the 2 flag-staffs, one on the pier-head, and one farther inland (the latter being the largest) in one, will carry you in or out in mid-channel; or the pier head, (not the church) bearing N.E., will do as well. The pier is constructed of wood; and the flag-staff upon it is to be left on the port or larboard hand going in. There is a lofty spire to the church.

"There is another reef, nearly a mile to the westward of the town, and to the eastward of a clump of red houses; it stretches out nearly a mile, and is shallow and dangerous. We touched on it in the 'St. George,' with the church bearing E.N.E. Its direction is nearly south from the shore; consequently, the heads of these two reefs approach each other, and form the entrance (not very wide) to the roadstead, in which is very good anchorage (unless in southerly gales), the bottom good holding ground, sand and clay. These two reefs render it unsafe, in thick weather, to come nearer to the coast than 9 or 10 fathoms water. The coast of Skania is more fertile, and better wooded to the westward than to the eastward of Ystad."

BORNHOLM. This is an island, above 7 leagues in length and 4 in breadth, and belongs to Denmark; the land is considerably elevated, and the shores are generally composed of steep rocks, surrounded with dangerous reefs; an immense heath occupies the centre of the island, and there is plenty of water, but little or no wood; it is destitute of harbours. Ronne, situated on its western side, is the principal town; the village of Hasla stands to the N.W., and those of Svanek and Nexoe are to the S.-eastern side of the island. At Hammeren, the northern point of Bornholm, is a lighthouse, built on the Mountain Stieleberg, the lantern of which, 14 feet in diameter, is 280 feet above

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