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The

After they had entered into a religious communion with the Calvinists, in the sixteenth century, they were also exposed to the storm which was intended to sweep away the reformation, the doctrines of which they had already cherished for upwards of three centuries. This was the cause of their extirpation in France, and their chequered fate in Piedmont. Those who had settled in the marquisate of Saluzzo were totally exterminated by 1733; and those in the other valleys, having received from the court of Turin, in 1654, new assurances of religious freedom, were treacherously attacked in 1655, by monks and soldiers, treated with brutal cruelty, and many shamefully murdered. rest of their male population took up arms; and their bravery, aided by the mediation of the Protestant powers, finally procured them a new, though more limited ratification of their freedom by the treaty concluded at Pignerol, August 18, 1655. New oppressions, in 1664, gave rise to a new contest and treaty. The persecution exercised in 1685, through French influence, obliged thousands to emigrate into Protestant countries. In London, they united with the French Huguenots; in the Netherlands, with the Walloons; in Berlin, with the French congregations: nearly 2000 went to Switzerland. Some of these returned by force to Piedmont, in 1689, and, with those who had remained, maintained themselves, under many oppressions, to which limits were finally put, in 1725, in consequence of Prussian mediation. They now enjoy religious freedom and civil rights in their old valleys of Lucerne, Perusa, and St. Martin, in western Piedmont, where they have thirteen parishes, containing about 20,000 souls. Their church service is under the direction of a synod. After long negotiations, in the way of which great difficulties were thrown by the religious zeal of the Tübingen theologians, several hundred of the abovementioned fugitives settled in Würtemberg, in 1699, where their descendants have ten parishes, and are 1600 in number. They are next to the Calvinists in the simplicity of their worship, and in their ecclesiastical constitution, but in intellectual cultivation, they are behind the other Protestants. In later times, England and Prussia have afforded aid to the Waldenses. By contributions which they collected from all Europe, in 1824, they erected an hospital. The latest accounts of them were collected on the spot, in

1823, by W. St. Gilly, an English clergyman-Narrative of an Excursion to the Mountains of Piedmont, and Researches among the Vaudois, Protestant Inhabitants of the Cottian Alps, &c. (second edition, London, 1825, 4to.). Also see Hugh Dyke Akland's Sketch of the History and present Situation of the Waldenses in Piedmont (London, 1826), and the same author's History of the glorious Return of the Vaudois to their Valley, in 1689 (from the original accounts of their pastor, H. Arnaud), with a Compendium of the History of that People, &c. (London, 1827, 1 vol.).

WALDIS, Burkard. (See Burkard Waldis.)

WALDSTEDTE (i.e. the Forest Towns), or VIERWALDSTÆDTE (i. e. the Four Forest Towns); a name given, in Switzerland, to the cantons of Lucerne, Uri, Schweitz, and Unterwalden, probably on account of the number of forests found in them. (See the articles.)

WALDSTÆDTERSEE. (See Vierwald

städtersee.)

WALDSTEIN-WARTEMBERG; a Bohemian family, known since the thirteenth century, and from which sprung the famous Wallenstein. (q. v.) There are at present two lines, with large possessions, in Bohemia and Moravia, containing 90,000 inhabitants. The late Francis Adam, count of Wallenstein, after having served in several wars, travelled for seven years in Hungary, to study the plants of the country, and published, in 1812, Descriptiones et Icones Plantarum rariorum Hungaria (Vienna, folio), which procured him the membership of several learned societies. Wildenow (q. v.) called a plant, after him, Waldstenia, in his Species Plantarum Linnæi. He died in 1823.

WALES; a principality in the west of Great Britain, washed on the north and west by the Irish sea, and on the south and south-east by the Bristol channel. It is from 130 to 180 miles in length from north to south, and from 50 to 80 in breadth, comprising an area of 8125 square miles. The population, in 1811, was 611,788; in 1821, 717,438; in 1831, 805,236. It is divided into North and South Wales, containing twelve counties, Anglesey, Caernarvon, Denbigh, Flint, Merioneth and Montgomery in the former, and Brecknock, Cardigan, Caermarthen, Glamorgan, Pembroke and Radnor in the latter division. The general aspect of Wales is mountainous, affording numerous views of wild scenery, interspersed with delightful valleys. The loftiest

summits in North Wales are Snowdon (3579 feet), Plinlimmon, and Cader Idris. Numerous small lakes are scattered among the mountains; and there are several navigable rivers, such as the Severn, the Coye, the Conway, the Towy, and the Dee. The climate is colder than in England, and humid; but the air is, in general, salubrious, and the country healthy. The Cambrian goat is found here in a wild state; and goat-hunting is a favorite diversion of the people. The mineral kingdom is rich in silver, copper, lead, iron and coal. The agriculture of Wales is, in general, much behind that of England, though, of late years, the implements of farming, and the management of the land, have been much improved. The roads have also been, until recently, in a bad state. The Ellesmere, Montgomery, Brecknock, Cardiff, and other canals, facilitate the internal intercourse. (See Canals.) The woollen manufactures are extensive; the commerce inconsiderable. The common Welsh still retain many peculiar superstitions and customs, and, in many parts, their peculiar language. The gentry, however, are, at present, educated in England; and the influence of their example is gradually exterminating the old Welsh peculiarities. Many remains of the ancient literature are yet extant, and societies have been formed for preserving such relicts. (See Bard.) The Welsh are descendants of the ancient Britons, who, being driven out of England by the Anglo-Saxons, took refuge in these fastnesses, or fled to the continent of Europe, where they gave their name to Brittany. (See Gael.) The Welsh language is Celtic. (See Roberts's Cambrian popular Antiquities (London, 1815), and Collectanea Cambrica. Wales formerly sent twenty-four members to parliament, one for each county, and one for each of twelve boroughs. By the reform act of 1832, the number is increased to twenty-nine, two from each of the counties of Caermarthen, Denbigh and Glamorgan, one from each of the other nine, and fourteen from as many boroughs, of which Merthyr Tydvil and Swansea are the two created by the act. It belongs to the province of York in ecclesiastical matters, and has four bishoprics, St. David's, Bangor, Llandaff, and St. Asaph. Wales was long an independent and separate sovereignty from England. Its dimensions have been contracted by taking from it the whole county of Monmouth, and a part of several of the adjacent English counties. It was originally peopled

by the British Ordovices and Silures, and was anciently called Cambria. In the ninth century, it was divided into three sovereignties, called North Wales, South Wales, and Powis Land. In the thirteenth century, it was subdued by Edward I, its last prince Llewellyn ap Gryffyth having fallen in battle in 1285. Since that time, it has been annexed to the English crown, and gives his title to the eldest son of the king of England. It was not completely united with England until the reign of Henry VIII, when the government and laws were formed agreeably to those of England. (For the judicial administration, see Assizes.)

WALES, NEW; a name given to a part of North America, situated south-east and south-west of Hudson's bay, and divided into North and South: the former name is lost in the more general term of Labrador. New South Wales is situated northwest of Canada, and extends along the south borders of Hudson's bay, 450 miles, from lon. 85° to 90° W., lat. 54° to 58° N.

WALES, NEW SOUTH. (See New South Wales.)

WALES, PRINCE OF; the title of the heir apparent of the British throne, first conferred by Edward I on his son (afterwards Edward II), at the time of his conquest of that principality. (See Edward I.) The heir apparent is made prince of Wales and earl of Chester by special creation and investiture, but, as the king's eldest son, is, by inheritance, duke of Cornwall, without any new creation. To compass or conspire the death of the prince of Wales is as much high treason as to conspire the death of the king. The eldest daughter of the king is styled the princess royal, unless there are no sons, when she is created princess of Wales. The arms of the prince of Wales are the royal arms, with the addition of the motto Ich dien (I serve), said to have been adopted by the Black Prince, from a prince of Bohemia, whom he slew at Cressy. Another account says Edward I presented his infant son to the Welsh, who had agreed to accept a native prince from him, with the words Eich dyn (This is your man).

WALKER, John, a philological writer, born in 1732, joined with a Mr. Usher, about the year 1767, in setting up a school at Kensington; but the speculation not succeeding to his wishes, he settled in London, where he gave lectures on elocution, having, it is said, in the earlier part of his life, studied the art with a view to making the stage his profession,

although his ill success on the boards had induced him to adopt another calling. Mr. Walker died in 1807. He is known as the author of several useful elementary works, such as a Rhetorical Grammar (8vo.); a Pronouncing Dictionary (8vo.); Elements of Elocution; Key to the correct Pronunciation of Greek, Latin and Scriptural Names (8vo.); and a Rhyming Dictionary.

WALKYRIAS, or VALKYRIAS. Northern Mythology.)

WALL.

334.)

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(See Architecture, vol. i, p.

WALL-FLOWER (cheiranthus cheiri); a cruciferous plant, which grows in the clefts of rocks and old walls, in most parts of Europe. The stem is naked, hard, and almost woody at the base, dividing above into leafy branches. The flowers are large, of a fine golden-yellow in the wild plant, and agreeably scented. In the cultivated plant, the flowers are of various and brilliant colors, and attain a much larger size. Double and semi-double varieties are common in gardens. It is a beautiful and favorite ornamental plant. Being an acrid and hardy evergreen, it is sometimes sown in pastures, together with parsley, thyme, &c., as a preventive of the rot in sheep. About thirty species of cheiranthus are known, almost exclusively confined to the eastern continent, several of which have been long cultivated in gardens.

WALLACE, Sir William; a celebrated Scottish patriot and warrior, who was the son of a small landholder of an ancient family in the west of Scotland. Possessing great strength of body and undaunted courage, as well as a warm attachment to his native country, he beheld its subjugation by the English king, Edward I (q. v.), with the utmost impatience, and resolved to undertake the task of liberating Scotland from a foreign yoke. Having collected a small band of followers, he commenced an irregular warfare with the English troops left to secure the conquests of Edward; and his enterprising spirit and local knowledge soon rendered him a formidable foe. In 1297, he planned an attack on the English justiciary at Scone; but that officer and his colleagues eluded the danger by flight. Many of the barons, encouraged by this success, joined the standard of Wallace, or secretly favored his designs. Earl Warenne, the governor of Scotland, under king Edward, assembled an army of 40,000 men, with which he marched against the Scottish champion, who retreated to Cambusken

neth, on the banks of the Forth, where the English were defeated with great slaughter; and their commander fled, with the remains of his army, into England Wallace was now declared regent of Scotland, under the captive king, John Baliol. The English monarch, alarmed at the reverses which his partisans had experienced, hastened from Flanders to oppose Wallace, against whom he led an army of 90,000 men. Jealousy at his elevation had already thinned the ranks of the Scottish hero, who, having resigned the regency, retained his command only over his particular followers. The Scottish army, under the steward of the kingdom, and Comyn, of Badenoch, waited the approach of Edward at Falkirk (q. v), where an engagement took place in the summer of 1298, in which the English were completely victorious. Wallace retired to the mountains, resumed his system of predatory warfare, and maintained his independence at the head of those who still continued attached to him. King Edward at length obtained possession of the person of his formidable adversary, through the treachery of sir John Monteith; and the deliverer of his country, being conveyed to London, suffered the death of a traitor, Aug. 23, 1305. His memory is still highly revered in Scotland, and his deeds have been the frequent theme of the poet and the historian.

WALLACHIA. (See Walachia.)

WALLENSTEIN, Albert, count of (properly Waldstein); duke of Friedland, generalissimo of the Austrian army in the thirty years' war, a man whose name excites mingled emotions of admiration and abhorrence; for, though his achievements were great, he knew no motive but ambition, and scrupled at no means of gratifying it. He was the terror of his contemporaries, and, in the short period of 1625-34, exercised a powerful influence on events, and has therefore met with many historians. But the veil which hangs over the last scene of his life has not been wholly removed by any of them.— Albert of Waldstein, born at Prague, in 1583, was descended from a distinguished Bohemian family, which was attached to the Protestant religion. For the instructions which he received under the paternal roof, and in the celebrated Protestant school at Goldberg, in Silesia, he had no taste. His restless, impetuous disposition was hostile to discipline, and, in all mischievous exploits, he was the leader of his fellow scholars, over whom he exercised a certain supremacy. He behaved

in like manner at the university of Altorf, which he entered in 1594, and where the commission of an offence brought him into the academic prison. Albert afterwards entered, as a page, into the service of the margrave Charles of Burgau, a prince of the Austrian-Tyrolese collateral line, who resided at Inspruck. He became a convert to the Catholic religion, and received from the margrave the means of travelling in Germany, England, France and Italy. During his travels, military and financial systems, statesmen and generals, were the only objects of his attention, He then studied, for a time, mathematics and politics, but especially astrology, at the celebrated university of Padua. Argoli, his teacher in the latter science, seems to have given rise to his later projects, by predicting a splendid fortune to him. In 1606, Wallenstein performed a campaign against the Turks, in Hungary, with the imperial army, in which he manifested much bravery, and became captain. The peace (Nov. 11, 1606) terminated this campaign, and he returned to Bohemia without an appointment. Here he married a very rich but aged widow, who, after a short, childless marriage, left him a great property, which enabled him to play a splendid part at the court of the emperor Matthias, at Vienna. In an insignificant war, which broke out in Friuli in 1617, between the archduke Ferdinand of Stiria and the republic of Venice, he raised, at his own expense, a body of 200 cavalry, and led them to the assistance of the archduke (afterwards the emperor Ferdinand II), by which means he acquired a high place in his favor. His courage and conduct were distinguished at the relief of Gradisca; and he gained the attachment of officers and soldiers by his extraordinary generosity, and his attention to their wants. After the end of the war, Ferdinand appointed him colonel of the militia at Olmütz, in Moravia. He there took for his second wife Isabella, daughter of count Harrach, a favorite of Ferdinand, and was raised by Ferdinand to the rank of count. On the breaking out of the troubles in Bohemia, Wallenstein joined, -in 1619, the Austrian party against the Protestant Bohemians. He was compelled to leave Olmütz, but succeeded in conveying the public treasure to Vienna. He had retained of it 9000 dollars. With this and his own money he raised 1000 cuirassiers, whom he led to Bohemia, to succor the Austrian general. Here he distinguished himself in several engagements, and afterwards went, with the Austrian

army, under Boucquoi, to Moravia, the fortified places of which soon opened their gates to the conquerors. Wallenstein was now appointed military governor of Moravia, recovered his estates, which had been confiscated by the Protestant Bohemians, and, having been created majorgeneral, after the fall of Boucquoi, commanded with success against Bethlem Gabor, prince of Transylvania. In 1622, the emperor invested him with the lordship of Friedland, in Bohemia, and, in 1623, created him prince of Friedland. When the war commenced in the north of Germany, where the king of Denmark came forward, in 1625, at the head of the Lower Saxon circle, against the league, the emperor found himself in great embarrassment, from want of money and troops. Wallenstein offered to raise an army of 50,000 men at his own expense, and without the least contribution on the part of the emperor, on condition that he should be its commander-in-chief, and should be allowed to retain the contributions obtained from the conquered countries. It was not uncommon, in those times, for a general to levy a body of troops at his own expense, and then indemnify himself from friend and foe; but the scheme of raising so numerous an army appeared rash. The emperor had no alternative: he therefore accepted his proposition on those terms, and, soon after, gave him the title of duke. The reputation of Wallenstein, and the active cooperation of many devoted officers, soon enabled him to collect an army of 25,000 men under his banners, at Eger. He immediately marched with it (in 1625) to Franconia, where the country was compelled to support them for some time, then through Suabia and the circle of the Upper Rhine, to Lower Saxony, where he passed the winter in Halberstadt, and even occupied a part of Upper Saxony. Every where the inhabitants were compelled to afford subsistence to his troops, the number of which continued to increase. The celebrated count Mansfeld opposed him with a far inferior army, but was totally defeated by Wallenstein, April 18, 1626. He, nevertheless, assembled new troops, with which he proceeded through Silesia, towards Hungary, in order to join Bethlem Gabor. Wallenstein followed him rapidly. Gabor concluded a truce, and Mansfeld withdrew to Dalmatia, where he died. Wallenstein now relieved Novigrad, which was besieged by the Turks, and conquered Waitzen. After Gabor had made peace