pos UNIVER Great tumults anċ oppression. and the university respecting their distinct rights. In the year 1281, CAMBRIDG】 these disputes terminated in open war. The towns-people assembled at SITY. their hall, and having chosen John Grantceter, as their leader, compelled him to swear that he would execute whatever the bailiff and burgesses should command; after which, they went to Corpus Christi College, and breaking open the doors, carried away all the charters and other papers; then proceeding to the house of the chancellor, they obliged him, as well as all other persons whom they met with him, belonging to the university, to renounce under pain of death, all the privileges which had ever been granted o them, and also to deliver up whatever letters patent were in their session. They then broke open the university chest in St. Mary's church, and taking out all the records, burnt them in the market-place, together with the papers which they had before collected. Many other acts of violence accompanied these proceedings. A proclamation was issued by the mob, to deprive the bedell of the university of life, after having destroyed his house by fire. They also did great damage to the priory of Barnwell; and, to secure their own safety, when the tumult should be allayed, and the civil power in a condition to notice these infringements on the public peace, they compelled the officers of the university to sign a bond, which vested its entire future government in the burgesses of the town; and which contained an acquittance from all actions which might be brought against them on account of the present tumults. This usurped power was soon afterwards wrested from their hands by Henry Spencer, Suppressed Bishop of Norwich, who casually entered Cambridge with some soldiers. by Henry Several of the principal leaders of the disturbances were imprisoned during Bishop of Spencer, life; the mayor was deprived of his office; and the liberties of the town, Norwich. which were declared to be forfeited, were bestowed on the vice-chancellor, in whom they remained till the reigns of Henry VII. and VIII., when the corporation was restored. Several of its former privileges, however, were retained by the university. In the year 1388, Richard II. held a parlia-Parliament ment in Cambridge, from its being the most conveniently contiguous place to the eastern counties, which were at that place in a state of insurrection. In this parliament a statute was made against wanderers, or students of either university, who traversed the country begging alms without license, a very common practice at that period. The university renounced the supremacy of the pope, on the 2d of May, 1534, and, the next year, surrendered all its charters, statutes, and papistical muniments, into the hands of the Lord Cromwell, whom the king had appointed to receive them. These records were restored in about a twelvemonth, and the university reinstated in the full exercise of its privileges. From the death of Henry VIII. till the accession of Queen Elizabeth, Cambridge was in almost continued commotion. John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, and chancellor of the university, was arrested at Cambridge, whither he had advanced with an army with the intention of seizing the Princess Mary; and, on the execution of that unfortunate nobleman, Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, was made chancellor. About six years after the commencement of Queen Elizabeth's reign, that princess visited Cambridge, continued there five days, inspected all the colleges, and was entertained with various dramatic exhibitions besides orations, disputations, &c. When she left the town, the queen, University, in an elegant Latin speech, recommended the university to make the result of their studies public; lamented that the gifts of her predecessors had so provided them with splendid buildings, that she was placed in the situation of Alexander, who was grieved when he had no more provinces to bestow; but promised to retain their interest in her memory till circumstances admitted of her making a provision for them adequate to her wishes and their merit. In the year 1576, through the influence of Sir Thomas Smith, principal secretary of state, an act was passed, by which the revenues of the two universities were essentially benefited. According to this act, one-third of the rents of all leases granted by the colleges, was in future held in 1388. Queen Elizabeth visited the and continued for five days. UNIVER SITY. Visited with the 1630. CAMBIDGE to be paid in corn, or in money proportioned to the market prices; the wheat then being at six and eight-pence, and the barley at five shillings a quarter. In 1604, James I. conferred the privilege of sending two members to parliament from the university; the right of election being vested in the doctors and masters of arts. His majesty, some years afterwards, visited Cambridge, and during his stay resided at Trinity college, which had also the honour of entertaining Charles I. and his queen. In 1630, Cambridge was visited by the plague, which occasioned the business of the plague in university to be wholly suspended, all the students having liberty to retire to their respective homes. The number of persons who fell victims to its ravages, amounted to between three and four hundred. During the continuance of the malady, the summer assizes were holden at Royston, the commencement was postponed to October, and there was no Sturbridge fair. In the civil wars of Charles I., the university very early declared themselves on the side of the king, and sent their plate to be converted into money for his use, a few days before the erection of his standard at Nottingham. These proceedings occasioned the arrest of many of its members; and the remainder were ordered to contribute towards the support of the parliament; but refusing to comply, some of them were imprisoned, and a general measure of expulsion determined on, the execution of which was entrusted to the Earl of Manchester. Thus, every person who refused to take the covenant was expelled, and commanded to leave the university within three days, by a formal writ of expulsion, in the following words :-" Whereas by ordinance of parliament, entitled an ordinance for regulating the University, &c. power is given to me to eject such fellows of colleges as are scandalous in their lives and doctrines, or such as have forsaken their ordinary places of residence within the said university, or that do, or have opposed the proceedings of parliament: By virtue of which authority, I do hereby eject Mr. Chandler, Mr. Wycherley, and Mr. Whitehead, Fellows of Queen's College, for refusing to come and take the solemn league and covenant, and for other misdemeanors, 1st of June, 1644. Manchester." Cowley the poet, Dr. Isaac Barrow, Sir Charles Scarborough, and Seth Ward, the mathematician, afterwards Bishop of Salisbury, also suffered upon this occasion. These proceedings necessarily caused a great change among the residents of the colleges, as the students turned out equally with the masters; but, on the restoration, many of the exiled members were restored to their offices. The most material events transacted at Cambridge, since the period here mentioned, are connected with the description of the colleges, to which we shall now proceed. Harsh political measttres. l'he thirteen colleges. The thirteen colleges at Cambridge are-1. St. Peter's College, the most ancient, founded in 1257, by Hugh de Balsham, subprior and afterwards Bishop of Ely. It is the first on entering the town from London, and consisted of two courts, separated by a cloister, the innermost of which is neatly cased with stone; but a third court has been recently erected. The chapel, a handsome structure with embrasures and pinnacles, was erected in 1632.-2. Corpus Christi, or Benet College, was established in 1344, by the union of the two religious guilds or fraternities of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin, and completed by Henry Plantagenet, Duke of Lancaster. Having fallen into decay, it has been almost entirely rebuilt in its original Gothic form. The first stone of the new quadrangle was laid by Lord Hardwick, high steward of the University, July 2d, 1823. The chapel, a beautiful structure in the pointed English style, with two turrets, terminating in spires, highly ornamented and finished, is much admired. Here is an excellent library, with a curious collection of valuable manuscripts on ecclesiastical matters, bequeathed by Archbishop Parker.-3. Gonville and Caius College, founded in 1348, by Edmund Godville, a divine, and subsequently much enlarged by John Caius, physician to Queen Mary. It stands in the middle of the town, north of the UNIVER SITY. Description of the colleges. Milton's tree. senate house, and possesses a small but valuable library.-4. King's CAMBRIDER College, was erected by Henry VI. in 1441, who endowed it for a provost and seventy fellows or scholars, to be supplied in regular succession from Eton College, also founded by the same sovereign. The chapel of this college has long been deemed one of the most beautiful and perfect specimens of Gothic architecture in England. The capacious arched roof, with its beautiful carved work, unsustained by a single pillar, is strikingly impressive, and seems to hang in air; it is 304 feet long, 73 broad, and 91 feet high. In the gardens of this college, which has a noble appearance from the field, is a stone bridge across the Cam.-5. Queen's College, was founded in 1448, by Margaret of Anjou. It is situated south of King's College, and consists of two courts, and the inner, which is furnished with cloisters, extends to the banks of the river, which divides the pleasant and extensive gardens, containing a fine grove of majestic elms.-6. Jesus College, founded in 1130, and subsequently more amply endowed by Malcolm, King of Scotland, is situated a little distance from the town in the east, and the principal front is 180 feet in length. It is built on the site of an ancient Benedictine nunnery, and the chapel, from its appearance, seems to have been part of the ancient conventual church.-7. Christ's College, founded by William Bingham, a London divine, in 1442, but removed to its present site by Henry VI., and further endowed by Margaret, mother of Henry VII. The ancient buildings have been cased with stone, and behind them is a more modern pile, erected by Inigo Jones. In the garden is a mulberry-tree, planted by the poet Milton, once a student here. -8. St. John's College, founded in 1130, by Henry Frost, a burgess of mulberry. Cambridge, but, like Christ's College, owing much to the bounty of Margaret, Countess of Richmond. The buildings are disposed into three courts, and a spacious library was erected by Williams, Archbishop of York, in 1603, which contains a very valuable collection of books. Very! extensive additions have recently been made to this foundation by the erection of magnificent edifices on the west side of the river.-9. Magdalen College, which occupies the site of a priory of canons regular, founded by a Norman baron, in 1092. It is the only college on the north of the Cam, and consists of two courts, and possesses two libraries, one bequeathed by Samuel Pepys, secretary of the admiralty.—10. Trinity College, the richest Trinity coland most extensive of the whole, occupies the site of several hostels, as richest and lege, the also those of the two societies of St. Michael's and King's Hall. It was most extenerected and endowed by a charter, granted by Henry VIII., dated De-sive. cember 19, 1546, and further benefited by the bounty of his daughter Mary. The buildings enclose three spacious quadrangular courts, on the north side of the first of which is a chapel built in the pointed style, erected by the sister queens, Mary and Elizabeth. The architect of the library, the interior of which is peculiarly ample and noble, was Sir Christopher Wren. The names of Bacon, Newton, Lord Brooke, Dryden, Marvell, Coke, Cowley, Bishop Wilkins, Barrow, Ray, Gale, Bently, Middleton, and the dramatist Lee, are in the list of distinguished persons who have studied at this college.-11. Emanuel College, erected on the site of a Dominican priory, by Sir Walter Mildmay, chancellor of the Exchequer to Queen Elizabeth in 1584. It has been recently in a great part rebuilt, and is now a handsome structure. The chapel, commenced under Archbishop Sancroft, in 1688, is deemed very elegant.-12. Sussex College, founded in 1590 by the Lady Frances Radcliffe, Countess of Sussex, on the site of a monastery of Grey Friars. It possesses a good hall, library, and chapel.-13. Downing College, of recent erection, pursuant to the will of Sir George Downing, who died in 1749. He devised several Sir George valuable estates for the purpose, in the event of the decease of his relation Downing. and successor and three sons, without issue; which contingency occurred, and after a long period of litigation the will was established. The first stone was laid on the 18th of May, 1807, since which period the building SITY. The four Public schools. house. CAMBRIDGE has proceeded at intervals at the expense of more than £60,000. In 1821 UNIVER- buildings sufficient for opening the college having been completed, students were first admitted. The four halls are-1. Clare-hall, built on the site of University-hall, founded by Dr. Richard Baden in 1328; but being soon after burned down, it was rebuilt by Elizabeth de Burg, daughter and heiress of Gilbert, the last Earl of Clare, whence its change of name. It was again rebuilt of stone in 1638, and it now forms one of the most neat and uniform houses in the university.-2. Pembroke-hall, founded in 1343, by Mary, Countess of Pembroke. The building is rather unsightly, with the exception of the chapel erected by Bishop Wren, from a design by his nephew, Sir Christopher. The poet, Spencer, studied at this hall.-3. Trinity-hall, originally one of the hostels, where the students lived at their own expense, was erected into a college by Bishop Bateman, in 1351. It possesses a complete collection of civil and common law books, and its founder having been a celebrated civilian, it was peculiarly designed for students of jurisprudence.-4. Catherine-hall, founded in 1474, by Robert Woodward, chancellor of the university; the buildings of which occupy three sides of a quadrangle, fronted by a piece of ground planted with elms. Over the combination-room is a library, founded by Bishop Sherlock, who bequeathed his own valuable collection of books and a stipend for a librarian. The public schools were erected in 1480, on the spot where they now stand; and the University Library occupies the whole quadrangle of apartments over them. The east-front was re-built, by subscription, towards the middle of the last century. The collection of books The Senate- and MSS. is very large and valuable. The Senate-house, a magnificent building of the Corinthian order, was designed by Sir James Burrell, and erected by Mr. Gibbs. The interior forms a spacious apartment, the length being 101 feet, and the breadth forty-two, at the upper end of which is the Vice-chancellor's chair, with semi-circular seats on each side, for the heads of the college, noblemen, and dignitaries. Below these, are the seats for the regents, or white-hoods; and still lower for the non-regents, or black-hoods. The galleries are of Norway oak, elegantly carved, and capable of containing 1100 persons. Here are marble statues of George I. and II., the Duke of Somerset, and of the Right Hon. William Pitt. The Fitzwilliam Museum consists of a valuable collection of books, drawings, &c. bequeathed by Richard Viscount Fitzwilliam, formerly of Trinity-hall, who died February 5, 1816, and bequeathed the same to the University with £100,000. South Sea annuities, for the erection of an edifice and the support of the necessary establishment. The Cambridge Observatory was completed partly by subscription in 1824, and placed under the superintendence of the Plumian, professor. The Cambridge Philosophical Society was established in 1819, and, with the exception of honorary members, consists of such persons only as are graduates of this university: it prints its transactions. The University Botanical Garden occupies between three and four acres on the south-east of the town. On the whole, although architecturally considered, the public buildings of Cambridge are inferior to those of Oxford, chiefly from the want of the same facilities as to stone, they excel those of the sister university in gardens and walks. The fellowships and endowments are also fully equal, as well as its general reputation as a seat of learning; especially for the attainment of the exact sciences. The Observatory and Botanical Gardens. * CAMELFORD, situated on the river Camel or Alan, and near its source It is a town of considerable antiquity, and was made a free borough by Map Names of Places. County. Number of Miles from Dist. Popis Lond.lation 34 Camely 24 Cameringham pa Somerset... Pensfold. 4 Bath.... .9 Frome.... 11 115 658 141 134 34 Camerton 45 Camerton Lincoln. .8 Gainsboro'..10 M. Raisin...11 ..pa Somerset. .6 Frome ..9 Pensford .6 ..to W. R. York Wakefield...5 Pontefract...4 Barnsley .6 9 Cammerton pa & to Cumberland Workington .3 Ireby.. .11 Maryport. .3 15 Campden, Broad, ham Gloucester.. C. Campden.1 Stow ..9 Eversham ..8 15 Campden Chipping Gloucester.. Gloucester..25 Eversham...8 Winchcmb. 11 m. t. & pa Richard, King of the Romans, who granted the burgesses a weekly market and a fair. The corporation consists of a mayor and eight burgesses or aldermen incorporated by charter, 1673. The town-hall was re-built in 1806, at the expence of the Duke of Bedford. The seal of the borough bears the representation of a camel passing through a ford of water, which is the arms of the town. Lanteglos is distant about a mile and a half southwest of Camelford. A deer-park at Lanteglos, which was disparked by King Henry VIII., is held by lease under the duchy of Cornwall. Fentonwoon in this parish was formerly the seat of the family of Wallis. At St. Siths, or Michaelstow Beacon, are vestiges of an encampment of considerable antiquity, and the neighbourhood is supposed to have been the site of a battle between King Arthur and his nephew Mordred, in which the latter was killed on the spot, and Arthur received his mortal wound. Camelford is also supposed to have been the Gavelford, or Gafulford of the Saxon Chronicle, where King Egbert had a battle with the Britons in the year 823. It formerly sent two members to parliament, but was disfranchised by the late reform act. Market, Friday.-Fairs, Friday after March 10th, May 20th, and June 17th and 18th. 90 2038 CAMEL FORD. Vestiges of antiquity. The cor * CAMPDEN CHIPPING. The market and borough town of Campden, anciently Campedene, is situated in a fertile alley, surrounded by cultivated hills and hanging woods. The Saxon kings assembled here in the year 687, to consult on the mode of carrying on the war with the Britons. In the 14th century it became a principal mart for wool, and the residence of many opulent merchants. After the establishment of the cloth trade in England, and the more general diffusion of the wool business, Campden was gradually deprived of its consequence; and both the manufactures and merchandise of early days are now totally lost. The corporation, which consists of two bailiffs, twelve capital and twelve inferior burgesses, poration a steward, &c. is extremely defective. By the charter, granted by James I., the bailiffs and steward were empowered to hold a court of record every fourth Friday, and to take cognizance of all pleas of trespass, debt, contract, and fraud, within the borough; provided the respective actions were for sums not exceeding £6 13s. 4d. The buildings of this town are principally ranged in one street, nearly a mile in length; about the middle of which are the court and market houses. The former is an ancient structure; probably of the commencement of the 15th century, or earlier the latter was erected, by Sir Baptist Hickes, in the year 1624. A capacious mansion, yet remaining, of nearly the same age as the courthouse, is said to have been a dwelling of one of the wool-merchants. Campden manor, which, at the period of the Domesday Survey, was held by Hugh Lupus, Earl of Chester, was purchased, in the time of James I., by the celebrated Sir Baptist Hickes, who was created Viscount Campden, in 1629, with remainder to the noble family of Noel; Edward, Lord Noel, having married Juliana, eldest daughter and co-heiress of Sir Baptist. The late Henry Noel, sixth earl of Gainsborough, in the year 1798, bequeathed the manor, with other estates in this neighbourhood, to his nephew, Gerard Noel Edwards, Esq. who has since assumed the name of Noel. Campden church stands on an easy eminence above the town, in The church the hamlet of Berrington, said to have received its name from the tumuli, or barrows, raised over the bodies of those who were slain in a great The market house erected by Sir Baptist Hickes. |