CAICTOR. sides of a spacious square. * CALDBECK is in the ward of Allerdale. Long after the conquest, 66 Sir John Fastolf born here. Panicstruck by Joan of Arc. Lawless banditti. Origin of the place. Moun taneous country. CALNE. The trade. an ancient Wilts .pa Leicester pa Norfolk ..to Stafford .to W. R. York Dist. Popu Lond. lation. County. Number of Miles from .to Chester.. ..to Derby.. .chap Salop ..pa Devon pa & to W. R. York .pa Buckingham to Nottingham Stafford.. .to Nantwich ..6 Tarporley...5 Middlewich .6 pa Gloucester.. Dursley ..1 Berkley .pa Surrey to W. R. York Snaith ......3 Selby ..8 Dulwich.. 3 Howden.. 6 178 neath, with fatal consequences to several. The corporate body consists o twenty-four capital burgesses, who elect two constables from their number annually; and these latter are the returning officers, whilst the elective franchise belongs to the burgesses only. The trade of the place, arising from a manufacture of broad cloths and kerseymeres, is facilitated by a The church branch of the Wiltshire and Berkshire canal. The church, an ancient structure. structure, consisting of a nave, chancel, and two aisles, with a square tower nearly 100 feet high, is adorned without with foliated pinnacles, and internally the roof is beautified with richly carved wood-work. The pillars and door-ways are alike interesting for their curious and varied mouldings. In the cemetery is a large monument in honour of Investo Bowsell, commonly known by the title of King of the Gypsies. Calne lately much improved by wholesome regulations for cleanliness, &c. contains a town-hall and a free-school, well endowed by John Bentley, Esq., for thirty boys, seven of whom are qualified to become exhibitioners at Queen's College, Oxford. In the vicinity of this place have been found many curious and beautiful fossils. Market, Tuesday.-Fairs, March 6, for horses, cattle, sheep, and cheese; July 22d, for pedlery and toys.-Mail arrives 5.48 morning, departs 8.56 afternoon.-Bankers, King and Co., draw upon Spooner and Co.-Inns, Lansdowne Arms, and White Hart. * CALVERLEY is in the wapentake of Morley. The hall was the residence of an ancient family of that name. The representative of whom, Walter Calverley, in 1604, in a violent fit of distraction and jealousy, produced by his own reckless gaming and dissipation, murdered his three children, and seriously wounded his wife. Refusing to plead, he was pressed to death, by which means avoiding a conviction, his estate was Yorkshire saved to his youngest son. This catastrophe is the story which gave rise to the drama of the Yorkshire tragedy, improperly attributed to Shakspeare. tragedy. + CAMBERWELL. At Camberwell, on the summit of Grove-hill, is Dr.Lettsom. the residence of the late Dr. Lettsom, a plain structure, with low wings, and a front adorned with figures, emblematical of Liberality and Plenty. The library contained 6,000 choice volumes, and a valuable cabinet of shells, insects, minerals, and other subjects of natural history. The gardens and pleasure-grounds are finely embellished with classical designs, and curious productions of an elegant imagination, perfected by art. Among these, in a circular temple, which commands a view of the metropolis, are the designs, in cork, of Du Bourg. A rural cottage is supported by the trunks of eighteen oak trees, which form a colonnade, entwined with evergreen. A spring, supplying a canal and fountain, in which is a statue of Venus, by Locattelli, gave name to the village, and is celebrated as the place where George Barnwell, the hero of Lillo's tragedy, perpetrated the murder of his uncle. John George Barnwell. WELL. Dr. Lettsom. Coakley Lettsom, an ingenious physician and medical writer, born in the CAMBERisland of Little Vandyke, near Tortola, in the West Indies. His relations were of the Society of Friends; and at an early age he was sent to England, and placed under the tuition of a Mr. Thompson, near Warrington, where Dr. Fothergill, who had a summer residence in the neighbourhood, superintended his studies. He was then apprenticed to an apothecary at Studies of Settle in Yorkshire, after which he attended for two years at St. Thomas's hospital. His father having died while he was young, and having also lost his elder brother, he returned to the West Indies, to take possession of some property which had devolved to him. It consisted in part of negro slaves, whom he liberated; after which, he settled as a medical practitioner at Tortola. Ere long he re-crossed the Atlantic, visited the great medical schools of Paris, Leyden, and Edinburgh, and at Leyden he took the degree of M.D. He then settled in London as a physician, and having married a lady of considerable fortune, he obtained a very lucrative share of medical practice. In 1769 he was admitted a member of the College of Physicians, the next year elected F.S.A., and the year succeeding F.R.S. His writings are numerous. Besides papers in the Philosophical Transactions, and the collections of medical societies, he published "The Natural History of the Tea-tree," 1772, 4to.; "The Naturalist's and Traveller's Companion," 1774, 8vo. 3rd edition, 1800; "Medical Memoirs of the General Dispensary," 1774, 8vo.; Hints on Beneficence, Temperance, and Medical Science," 1801, 3 vols. 8vo. "Memoirs of Dr. Fothergill;" and several smaller pieces. He died at his house in Sambrook-court, His death in London, November 1, 1815, aged seventy-one. A collection of his works was published, with his Life by Mr. Pettigrew.—Univ. Mag. Annals of Medicine. 66 Fair, August 18, for three days, for amusement and toys. 1815. Several me morials of the Pendarves fa mily. * CAMBORNE. The market of this town, which was established only in the year 1802, is well supplied with butchers' meat, and other provisions. Lord de Dunstanville (whose manors of Nancekuke and Tehidy, in Illogan, extend over great part of this parish) was at the expense of building the market-house. Here also are holden the petty sessions for the hundred. Camborne parish, comprising the villages of Berippa, Penpons, Trewithan, Tucking-mill, &c. is almost entirely inhabited by miners. Camborne church contains several memorials of the Pendarves family, lords of the manors of Pendarves and Tresbothan. The monument of Sir William Pendarves presents his bust in armour, decorated with a flowing peruke. T'he pulpit is highly enriched with carved ornaments, amongst which are the royal arms, symbols of the crucifixion, &c. apparently executed in the early part of the sixteenth century. The altar-piece, erected about sixty Altar-piec years ago, by Samuel Percival, Esq., is of Sienna marble. There is a school for teaching twelve boys and eight girls reading, writing, and arithmetic. It was founded by Mrs. Percival, wife of Samuel Percival, Esq. and sister of Sir William Pendarves, the last male heir of his family. According to Borlase, there were formerly several chapels in this place: he mentions St. Margaret's, St. Anne's, St. Derwe's, St. Ye's, and St. James's. He also mentions the walls of a chapel on the tenement of Trewn : it stood a few paces from a well, called Fentoner, which was celebrated for its medicinal virtues. Market, Saturday.-Fairs March 7th, Whit-Tuesday, June 29th, and Nov. 11th.-Bankers, A. Vivian, draw on Glyn and Co.-Inn, The Commercial. + CAMBRIDGESHIRE, an inland county, is bounded, on the north of Sienna marble. CAMBRIDGESHIRE. The limits and boun daries. William bury's account. west, by Lincolnshire; on the east, by Suffolk; on the south, by Essex and Hertfordshire; and, on the west, by Bedfordshire, Huntingdonshire, and a point of Northamptonshire. The limits of Cambridgeshire, in its northern half, are rivers and their communicating branches, so intermixed as with difficulty to be traced. The southern half has an indented and undistinguished boundary line on the adjacent counties. Cambridgeshire is divided into two parts by the river Ouse. The northern part is chiefly comprised in the Isle of Ely, a district possessing separate jurisdiction. This is a fenny tract, in which a few elevated spots appear scattered, like islands, in the midst of low and level marshes; on the principal of which the city of Ely stands. All the low grounds are naturally a bog, supposed to have been formed by the stagnation of water from the overflowings of rivers; but, by infinite labour and expence in cutting drains and raising banks, much of them have been rendered either rich meadows, proper for the fattening of cattle, or arable land, covered, in many parts, with some of the finest oats in the kingdom. William of Malmsbury, who wrote about the twelfth century, speaks of of Malms- this county as of a terrestrial paradise. He describes it as a plain, leve and smooth as water, covered with perpetual verdure, and adorned with a variety of tall, smooth, taper, and fruitful trees: "Here," says he, " is ar orchard bending with apples, and there is a field covered with vines, either creeping on the ground or supported by poles; in this place also art seem: to vie with nature, each being impatient to bestow what the other withholds. The buildings are beautiful beyond description: and there is not an inch of ground which is not cultivated to the highest degree." It is deserving of remark, however, that he was a recluse at Thorney Abbey, which was the dwelling of other solitary devotees like himself. He therefore described a place which he probably never saw, and which his zea might induce him to mention in the most favourable terms. It must also be observed, that he describes the country as a level, and mention marshes and fens, though he says the marshes were covered with wood. and the fens afforded the most stable and solid foundation for the buildings that were erected upon them. It should likewise be remarked, that the celebrated Abbo Floriacenses, an historian of the year 970, in a description of the kingdom of the East Angles, says that it is encompassed on the north by large wet fens, which begin almost in the heart of the island; and the ground being a perfect level for more than a hundred miles, the water of these fens descend in great rivers to the sea. These large fens, he adds, make a prodigious number of lakes, which are two or three miles over, and by forming a variety of islands, accommodate great numbers of monks with their desired solitude and retirement. That the flat country might easily be overflowed to a great extent, merely by an accidental obstruction of the rivers through which the water of the fens was carried off, is very evident; and that such an inundation actually happened there is indispensible evidence, yet more authentic than that of any history; for timber of several kinds has been found rooted in firm earth below the slime and mud which lie immediately under the water. In other places a perfect soil has been found at the depth of eight feet, with swaiths of grass lying upon it as they were first mowed. Brick and stone, and other materials for building, have also been found at a considerable depth, by the workmen who were employed in digging drains to carry off the water; and in setting a sluice there was found, sixteen fee below the surface, a complete smith's forge, with all the tools belonging to it. In this part of Cambridgeshire the air is damp and unhealthy; and the farmer is often exposed to great damage by heavy rains, and consequent inundation; but in the southern portion of the county, the air is pure and salubrious. It is by far the most pleasant, especially those portions watered by the Cam, which abound in dairy farms, celebrated for the production of excellent butter and cheese. In this part of the county many Fenny country. Farmers exposed to great damage. CAMBRIDGE SHIRE. calves are reared for the London market. The south-western part of Cambridgeshire is the most agreeable, possessing an elevated surface, and being watered by the Cam, a small river rising in Hertfordshire, which, after washing the town of Cambridge, near which it receives the Granta, falls into the Ouse above Ely. About Linton, Hildersham, and other villages in the valley through which the Granta runs, between Cambridge and Bartlow, there is some pleasing scenery, enriched with a considerable number of elm trees. The views from the upper part of the Earl of Hardwicke's park, at Wimpole, are also very rich; the park is well wooded; as is Sir Charles Cotton's, at Madingley, and the Duke of Rutland's, at Cheveley. The south-eastern part of Cambridgeshire, from Gogmagog-hills to Newmarket, is an open and heathy country thinly Gogmagog. inhabited and bleak, being connected with that vast tract of land, which, extending southwards into Essex, and northward across Suffolk, into Norfolk, forms one of the largest plains in the kingdom. It is chiefly appropriated to sheep-walks, and a few of the better portions to the culture of barley. On the south, the ground becomes elevated, and produces fine wheat, barley, and oats; and in the parishes bordering on Essex, considerable attention is paid to the growth of saffron. The rivers abound in fish, and the fens with wild fowl which are caught in decoys that annually supply the metropolis with many thousands. This county is not distinguished for any manufactures, the principal being that of coarse pottery. hills. Roman station. * CAMBRIDGE, the county town, is situated in the hundred of Flendish. It stands upon an elevated ground, on the north-west of the river Cam. Under the same meridian, or a few minutes to the east of it, was anciently a Roman station, of an irregular parallelogramical figure, con- Anciently taining nearly thirty acres, surrounded on all sides with a deep entrenchment, great part of which is yet remaining, towards the south-west side, and in the ground behind St. Mary Magdalen's college, which has been converted into a terrace for the exercise of its fellows. The origin of both the town and university is involved in the mist of very remote antiquity. According to vague tradition, wholly undeserving of credit, Cantaber, a Spaniard, and son-in-law to Gurgunt, King of Britain, built several cities, and among others, Caergrant, now Cambridge, where he established a seminary for the instruction of youth, and appointed teachers from the philosophers and astronomers whom he had sent for to Athens, where he had himself been educated. Anaximander, it is added, and after him Anaxagoras, travelling to this country, became teachers of philosophy at Cambridge, which thenceforth was called the City of Scholars; that Cassivellaunus bestowed on it the privileges of a sanctuary; that Julius Cæsar deprived it of some of its professors, and conveyed them to Rome, where they afterwards were greatly celebrated; that, in the reign of King Lucius, 3,000 of its students were baptized at one time; and that in the days of Dioclesian, according to Cantalupe, in his Origin and Antiquity of the University, "this renowned city, the mother of philosophy, baptized at beautiful for dwelling-houses, fortified on all sides with towers, and encompassed with walls of square stones," was consumed by fire. Cambridge, there is great reason to suppose, was a British settlement; and the high artificial hill within the bounds of the entrenchments near the castle, is by many persons supposed to be a specimen of British labour. That it was a Roman station is also evident. The site of the Roman Granta," says Dr. Stukeley, "is very traceable on the side of Cambridge Site of the towards the castle, on the north-west side of the river, of an irregular figure, containing thirty acres, surrounded by a deep ditch, great part of 66 Three thousand students one tine. Roman Granta |