his degree. Complete suits of armour were to be provided for each knight and each freeman of the wealthier class, and lighter equipments for each burgher and poor freeman.

Pope Alexander III. dies, Aug. 30.

A.D. 1182. The king gives a large sum for the service of the Holy Land, "in atonement of the death of the blessed Thomas, the punishment for which he dreaded above all things, for himself and for his posterity."

A.D. 1183. Henry and Geoffrey, the king's sons, make war on their brother Richard. Henry dies, June 11, and the war is brought to an end.

A.D. 1184. Geoffrey and John renew the war against Richard; the king at length commands them to desist, and the brothers are formally reconciled at a great council held at London, Nov. 30.

A.D. 1185. Earl John repairs to Ireland, in March. He greatly offends the native chiefs who come to pay him homage, by his insolent behaviour, and he is recalled by the end of the year.

The patriarch of Jerusalem endeavours in vain to induce the king to proceed on his promised crusade, offering him the kingdom of Jerusalem".

A.D. 1187. The Christians sustain a signal defeat at Tiberias, July 4; Saladin captures Jerusalem, Oct. 2. Richard, the king's son, 66 the first of all the nobles

beyond the sea, devoutly received the cross

... mur

"The throne was tnen vacant by the death of Baldwin V., who died in a few months after his accession on the decease of his uncie, Baldwin IV.; the crown was at length bestowed on Guy de Lusignan, who had married Sibylla, Baldwin's mother

muring at and reproaching his father because he declined to take upon himself the defence of the kingdom which was offered to him."

Conrad of Montferrat successfully defends Tyre against Saladin.

A.D. 1188. The emperor of Germany (Frederic I.) and the kings of France and England assume the cross, and make preparations for the crusade.

A quarrel arises between Henry and the king of France, regarding the lands of Adelais, who is betrothed to Richard.

Richard does homage to the king of France, in his father's presence, Nov. 18.

A.D. 1189. Henry is expelled from Touraine by Philip and Richard, Jan. 14; he soon after agrees to a peace, and pays a large indemnity to Philip.

Guy de Lusignan, the expelled king of Jerusalem, commences the siege of Acre, in July, but is shortly after himself assailed by Saladin, when English, French, and German crusaders hasten to his assistance.

Henry retires to the castle of Chinon, and dies there, July 6, his natural son Geoffrey alone being with him; he is buried with slight ceremony at Fontevraud, "Earl Richard following the corpse in much tribulation."

RICHARD I., CALLED CŒUR-de-Lion.

RICHARD, the third son of Henry II., was born at Oxford, Sept. 13, 1157. The possession of Aquitaine, his mother's patrimony, seems to have been destined for him from his earliest days; hence his residence was usually on the continent; he was styled count of Poitou, and he acted like an independent prince, making war without scruple on the count of Toulouse and the king of Navarre, when they gave aid to his revolted barons, and pushing his arms to the Pyrenees. His nature seems to have been generous and unsuspicious, and he thus became for a while the confederate of his more crafty brothers, who first induced him to rebel against his father, and then deserted and even made war on him. But his military prowess was far superior to anything that could be brought against him, and he retained Aquitaine, although at the expense of doing homage to the king of France.

Even before he became king (in 1189) Richard's whole soul was turned to that great enterprise with which his name is indissolubly connected, the Crusade. Participating fully in the mingled grief and indignation which the news of the capture of Jerusalem diffused over Christendom, he was one of the very earliest to take the cross, and he thought no sacrifice on his own part, or on that of others, too great for the attainment of his object. Hence the reckless or violent means to which he resorted to equip his forces, and which had the effect of raising the most formidable fleet and army that had ever left the shores of England. But his success was unhappily rendered impossible by the envy of those who saw in his generous devotion a reproach of their own lukewarmness; he endured shipwreck and imprisonment, his kingdom was nearly wrested from him by the treachery of his brother, and he received his death-wound before the insignificant stronghold of a rebellious baron, in the tenth year of his reign, March 29, 1199, and died a fortnight after. He was buried at Fontevraud.

When a youth Richard was betrothed to Adelais, daughter of Louis VII. of France; from strong suspicion of impropriety on her part, the union did not take place, and he married Berengaria, sister of Sancho of Navarre, who accompanied him to the Holy Land, but by whom he left no issuek.

A natural son, Philip, lord of Cuinac, is said to have revenged Richard's death by killing the viscount

k She survived him till about the year 1230, principally residing in her dower city of Mans, and was buried in the abbey of Lespan, to which she was a benefactor.

of Limoges; and a natural daughter, Isabel, married Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, prince of North Wales.

As already mentioned, Henry II. added a third lion to the two of the Norman kings as the arms of England, but Richard, for some time after his accession, used the arms he had before borne in Aquitaine, "Gules, two lions combatant, or." After his return from the crusade, however, he bore the present arms of England. He also used as devices, a star issuing from between the horns of a crescent, the star and the crescent separately, a mailed arm holding a broken lance, and a sun on two anchors, with the motto "Christo duce."

Arms and Badge of Richard I.

Some modern writers, who affect to despise the generous emotions which led to the crusades, have depicted the Lion-hearted king as a mere brutal swordsman, and his reign as a calamity to his subjects. Such was not the view of his contemporaries: they saw in him a generous high-spirited prince, an eloquent orator, an accomplished poet', and a knight without fear and without reproach.

A touching poem, which he wrote during his captivity, has been preserved. The English translation does not preserve the measure