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and other parts of Wales; on his death, a few years after, his conquests fall under the ecclesiastical influence of Englandi.

A.D. 1099. William holds his first court in the new palace at Westminster at Pentecost.

Ralph Flambard, the minister of the king, is made bishop of Durham, in May, and consecrated June 53. William passes into France, and subdues Maine.

A.D. 1100. William is killed in the New Forest, Aug. 21; he is buried in Winchester cathedral, “attended by many of the nobility," says William of Malmesbury, "though lamented by few.”

1 The see of Sodor (or the Isles) and Man is of remote antiquity, being ascribed by some writers to the time of the Diocletian persecution. Reymund, or Wymund, a Norman monk, was consecrated to the see by Thomas, archbishop of York, between 1109 and 1114.

He is accused of having suggested to the king the keeping of bishops' sees and other preferments in his own hands, and of tra versing the country, not as a justiciary, but for the purpose of extorting money.

1 The dreams of the king and others, said to portend his death, need no remark; but there is a singular statement on the subject in Eadmer, that "Anselm, the exiled archbishop of Canterbury being with Hugo, the abbot of Cluny, the conversation turned on King William, when the abbot observed,-'Last night that king was brought before God; and by a deliberate judgment incurred the sorrowful sentence of damnation.' How he came to know this, he neither explained at the time, nor did any of his hearers ask; nevertheless, out of respect to his piety, not a doubt of the truth of his words remained on the minds of any present. Hugo led such a life, had such a character, that all regarded his discourse, and venerated his advice, as though an oracle from heaven had spoken."

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HENRY, the youngest son of William I., was born at Selby, in Yorkshire, in 1068. He received a more liberal education than was then usual with princes, and hence had the name of Beauclerc. He sided alternately with his brothers Robert and William, but on one occasion when they united against him he was driven into exile. On William's death, being on the spot, he secured the English throne, and gained Normandy a few years after. His reign was marked by quarrels with the king of France, and the partisans of his brother, and his latter years were devoted to a vain endeavour to secure his crown for his daughter Maud. He died in Normandy, after a considerable absence from England, Dec. 1, 1135.

Henry was twice married; first to the "good Queen Maud," the niece of Edgar Atheling, and secondly to Adelais of Louvain, who survived him. His only legitimate offspring were,

1. William, duke of Normandy, who perished at sea, in 1120; and

2. Maud, married first to Henry V. the emperor, and secondly to Geoffrey of Anjou; she long contested Stephen's possession of the throne, and died Sept. 10,

1165.

Henry's illegitimate issue were numerous, and two of them were the firmest friends of his daughter Maud; these were Robert of Caen, created earl of Gloucester", and Reynald, earl of Cornwall; Richard was drowned with Prince William; of another Robert, of Gilbert, Henry, and William, nothing particular is recorded; of

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two daughters named Maud, one became countess of Britanny, the other countess of Perche; Juliana was married to Eustace de Pacie, Constance to the lord of Beaumont; Elizabeth to Alexander of Scotland; and of two other daughters, whose names have not been preserved, one was the wife of the lord of Montmorency, the other of William Goet.

m His mother was Nesta, styled a princess of Wales, in consequence of which he had great influence in that country, which he used for the support of his sister's cause. He was a learned man, and a most skilful general. By his wife Mabel, the daughter of the earl of Corbeil, he had a large family, and one of his granddaughters became the queen of John, but was divorced by him, that he might marry Isabel of Angouleme.

The arms ascribed to Henry, as to his two immediate predecessors, are the arms of Normandy, "Gules, two lions passant gardant in pale, or.”

Though relating many matters which place Henry in a very unfavourable light, the Saxon Chronicler yet awards to him the merit of making "good peace;" and adds that on his death 66 there was soon tribulation in the land, for every man that could, soon robbed another."

A.D. 1100. Henry, who had been chosen king at Winchester Aug. 3, is crowned at London Aug. 5o, by Maurice, bishop of London. He grants a charter reestablishing the laws ascribed to Edward the Confessor, and renews his grant at the following Whitsuntide.

Ralph, bishop of Durham, is imprisoned in the Tower, Sept. 14.

Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, is recalled.

Robert returns from the crusade to Normandy, “and he was joyfully received by all his people, except where the castles were held by King Henry's men."

Henry marries Maud, the daughter of Malcolm of Scotland, Nov. 11.

A.D. 1101. Ralph the bishop escapes from the Tower, Feb. 4.

The years of his reign are reckoned from this day.

• Certain laws exist called those of Henry I., but they contain many matters which shew they were compiled, or at least added to, after his time. The above charter in general terms promises a reformation of all abuses, and that only the lawful reliefs (see p. 178) shall be taken, while full freedom in regard to marriage is allowed to both wards and widows.

Robert prepares to invade England; some of Henry's ships join him.

Robert lands in England, July 19. Henry promises him the payment of 3000 marks of silver yearly, and the pardon of his adherents. Robert withdraws to Normandy after Michaelmas.

A.D. 1102. Robert Belesme, earl of Shrewsbury, a partisan of Robert, fortifies his castles, but is defeated, stripped of his lands, and driven from England. Part of his lands granted to Jorwerth, prince of South Wales. Olaf, son of Godred Cronan, obtains possession of Man and the Hebrides.

A.D. 1103. Magnus III. of Norway invades Ireland; he is killed at Moycoba, August 24P.

A council at London in September. Anselm opposes the attempt of the king to compel bishops to receive investiture from him. Reynelm, who had been appointed by the king bishop of Hereford, resigns the see, and William Giffard, bishop of Winchester, is banished. Anselm also leaves England.

A.D. 1104. Robert Belesme being received by Robert in Normandy, a war ensues.

William, earl of Mortaigne, is stripped of his lands, and flees to Normandy.

A.D. 1105. Henry passes over to Normandy, “and

He is mentioned in the Heimskringla as Magnus Barbeen (Magnus the Barelegged), from having usually worn the Scottish kilt after his return from his expedition in 1098. (See p. 215.) The Irish are said to have received assistance against him from the Normans settled on the Welsh coast; and a design to invade England being attributed to him, Henry seized a large sum of money belonging to him, which he found in the hands of an Anglo-Danish merchant of

Lincoln.

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