fibrous plants from which the threads of the latter are produced seem to have been first noticed and worked by the inhabitants of Egypt. In Egypt, indeed, the linen manufacture appears to have been very early; for even in Joseph's time it had risen to a considerable height. From the Egyptians the knowledge of it proceeded probably to the Greeks, and from them to the Romans. Even at this day the flax is imported among us from the eastern nations; the western kind being merely a degenerate species of it. The principal and almost only linen manufacture in the British dominions is in Ireland, whence prodigious quantities of linens are exported. It is of great importance, how ever, in order to succeed in the linen manufacture, that one set of people should be confined to the ploughing and preparing the soil, sowing and covering the seed, to the weeding, pulling, rippling, and taking care of the new seed, and watering and dressing the flax till it is lodged at home; others should be employed in the drying, breaking, scutching, and heckling the flax, to fit it for the spinners; and others in spinning and reeling it, to fit it for the weaver: others should be concerned in taking due care of the weaving, bleaching, beetling, and finishing the cloth for the market. It is reasonable to believe, that if these several branches of the manufacture were carried on by dis tinct dealers in those places, where our home-made linens are manufactured, the seve ral parts would be better executed, and the whole would be afforded cheaper, and with greater profit to the manufacturer. See BLEACHING, WEAVING, &c. Spinning flax has been brought to such perfection in Ulster, that, according to Dr. Stephenson, twenty hanks, and sometimes thirty, weigh only one pound. He also assures us that a young woman of Comber, in the county of Down, spins so fine that sixtyfour hanks weigh only one pound; each thread round the reel is two yards and a half long, one hundred threads in each cut, twelve cuts in each hank. Thus the aggregate length of the thread contained in the 64 hanks amounts to more than 74 miles! For a very long period the linen manufacture was principally confined to Ulster; and it was not till the year 1791 that the regulations of the trade which had been hitherto confined to that province were extended to the provinces of Leinster, Munster, and Connaught: particular bounties having been given to them for a few years previously to 1791. The importance and extent of the trade may be estimated, therefore, by attending to the following statement of the exports from Ireland between the years 1700 and 1778, and by considering that during that period the manufacture of linen was almost entirely confined to the province of Ulster. The annual average quantity of linen cloth exported from Ireland from 1700 to 1750 was not four million yards; from 1750 to 1758, the number of yards exported_annually was 11,796,361; from 1757 to 1763, 14,511,973; from 1764 to 1770, 17,776,862. The average quantity of yarn exported annually, in the first of the foregoing periods, was 15,000 cwt.; in the second, it was 24,328 cwt. ; in the third, 33,114 cwt.; in the fourth, 32,311 cwt.; in the last, 31,471 cwt. From 1770 to 1777, the average quantity of cloth exported annually was 20,252,239 yards: and the annual average quantity of yarn exported, during the same seven years, was 31,475 cwt. From the year 1756 to 1773, England was the market for nearly nine-tenths of the whole Irish exportation. The foregoing statement is taken from Mr. Arthur Young. The following account will give our readers an opportunity of estimating the annual state of the linen trade, since the year 1777. An account of the quantity of linen cloth exported from Ireland, from the 25th of March, 1776, to the 5th of January, 1809, inclusive. See, for more on this subject, a very interesting article on the linen and hempen manufactures of Ireland, in the Quarterly Review, vol. i. pp. 419-429. LINEN, Fossile. See ASBESTOS. LINEN. a. (lineus, Latin.) 1. Made of linen (Shakspeare). 2. Resembling linen (Shakspeare). LINEN-DRA'PER. s. (linen and draper.) He who deals in linen. LING, in ichthyology. See GADUS. LING (perhaps from klein, German), a termination noting commonly diminution or tenderness; as, kitling, firstling, from langen, Teut. to belong. LINGEN, a strong town of Westphalia, capital of a county of the same name. It belongs to the king of Prussia, and is seated on the Embs, 30 miles W. of Osnaburgh, and 37 N. of Munster. To LINGER. v. n. (from leng, Saxon, long.) 1. To remain long in languor and pain (Pope). 2. To hesitate; to be in suspense (Milton). 3. To remain long (Dry.). 4. To remain long without any action or determination (Shakspeare). 5. To wait long in expectation or uncertainty (Dry.). 6. To be long in producing effect (Shaks.). To LINGER. v. a. To protract; to draw out to length: out of use (Shakspeare). LINGERER. 8. One who lingers. LINGERINGLY. ad. (from lingering.) With delay; tediously (Hale). LINGET. s. (lingot, French.) A small mass of metal (Camden). LINGO. s. (Portuguese.) tongue: speech (Congreve). Language; LINGUA, (Lingua, e, f. from lingo, to lick up.) The tongue. See TONGUE. LINGUA AVIS. The seeds of the Fraxinus, or ash, are so called from their supposed resemblance to a bird's tongue. LINGUA CANINA. So called from the resemblance of its leaves to a dog's tongue. See CYNOGLOSSUM. LINGUA CERVINA. See SCOLOPENDRIUM. LINGU'ALIS. (Lingualis, sc. musculis; from lingua, a tongue.) A muscle of the tongue. It arises from the root of the tongue laterally, and runs forward between the hyoglossus and genio glossus, to be inserted into the tip of the tongue, along with part of the stylo-glossus. Its use is to contract the substance of the tongue, and to bring it backwards. LINGUA'CIOUS. a. (linguax, Lat.) Full of tongue; talkative. LINGUADE'NTAL. a. (lingua, and dens, Lat.) Uttered by the joint action of the tongue and teeth (Holder). LINGUATALÀ. In zoology, a genus of the class vermes, order intestina. Body depressed, oblong; mouth placid before, surrounded with four passages. One species only: found in the lungs of the hare. LINGUIFORM. In botany, applied to the leaf, s. lingulatum folium. A tongueshaped leaf. Linear and fleshy, blunt at the end, convex underneath, and having usually a cartilaginous border, as in Mesembryanthemum, Aloe, Hemanthus coccineus. LINGUIST. 8. (from lingua, Lat.) A man skilful in languages (Milton). LINGULATE. In botany, a term of Pontedera's. The same with ligulute; which see. LINIMENT. (Linimentum, i. n. from ling, to anoint.) An oily substance of a mediate consistence between an ointment and oil, but so thin as to drop. The following are the chief forms. LINIMENTUM AMMONIE CARBONATIS. A stimulating liniment, mostly ordered to relieve rheumatic pains, bruises, and paralytic numbness. L. AMMONIE FORTIUS. A more powerful stimulating application than the former, acting as a rubifacient. In pleurodynia, indolent tumours, and arthritic pains, it is to be preferred to the middle one. L. AQUE CALCIS. This has been long in use as an application to burns and scalds. L. CAMPHORE COMPOSITUM. An elegant and useful stimulant application in paralytic, spasmotic, and rheumatic diseases. L. OPIA TUM. A resolvent anodyne embrocation, adapted to remove indolent tumours of the joints, and those weaknesses which remain after strains and chilblains before they break. L. SAFONIS COMPOSITUM. This is a more pleasant preparation, to rub parts affected with rheumatic pains, swellings of the joints, &c. than any of the foregoing, and at the same time not inferior, except where a rubifacient is required. L. SIMPLEX. An emollient application for chapped lips, hands, &c. LINING, 8. (from line.) 1. The inner covering of any thing (Prior). 2. That which is within (Shakspeare). LINK. 8. (gelencke, German.) 1. A single ring of a chain (Prior). 2. Any thing doubled and closed together. 3. A chain; any thing connecting (Shakspeare). 4. Any single part of a series or chain of consequences (Hale). 5. A torch made of pitch and hards (Howel). To LINK. v. a. (from the noun.) 1. To complicate: as, the links of a chain. 2. To unite; to join in concord (Shakspeare). 3. To join; to connect (Pope). 4. To join by confederacy or contract (Hook). 5. To con nect, as concomitant (Tillotson). 6. To unite or concatenate in a regular series of consequences (Hooker). LINKBOY. 8. (link and boy.) A boy LINKMAN. that carries a torch to accommodate passengers with light (More. Gay). LIN-KIANG-FOU, a city of China, in the province of Kiang-si, seated on the river Yu-ho. It has only four cities of the third class in its district; but is of some note, on account of one of its villages being the general mart for all the drugs sold in the empire. It is 410 miles N. by E. of Canton. LINLITHGOW, a borough, the countytown of Linlithgowshire. It stands on a rising ground, overlooking a lake at its E. end. Here the kings of Scotland had one of their noblest palaces, now in ruins; but here is still shown the room in which Mary queen of Scots was born. Linlithgow contains about 3,300 inhabitants, and is 16 miles W. of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 34 W. Lat. 56.0 N. LINLITHGOWSHIRE, or WEST LoTHIAN, a county of Scotland, bounded on the N. by the Frith of Forth, on the E. by Edinburghshire, on the S. W. by Lanarkshire, and on the W. by Stirlingshire. It extends near 20 miles from N. E. to S.W. and its breadth does not exceed 12, except on the shore of the Forth. This county contains 13 parishes, the largest of which, next to the county town, is Borrowstounness, containing nearly 3,200 inhabitants. The population of the whole county, in 1755, amounted to 16,829; in 1801, it amounted to 17,844, the increase being rather more than a sixteenth in about half a century. LINN. In botany. See ELICHAYSUM. LINNEA. In botany, a genus of the class didynamia, order angiospermia. Calyx double; that of the fruit two-leaved, inferior; of the flower five-parted, superior; corol campanulate; berry dry, three-celled; one species: a native of Europe, and common to our own woods; with creeping filiform stems; flowers in pairs, nodding, variegated with white and red. LINNEUS. See LINNE'. LINNE, a town of Germany, in the archbishopric of Cologne, 32 miles N.N.W. of Cologne. LINNE' (Carl von), LINNEUS, or LINNEUS, a most eminent botanist and natural historian, was born on May 24, 1707, in a village called Raeshault or Rashult, in Smaland, where his father, Nicholas Linné, was then vicar, but afterwards preferred to the curacy of Stenbrohult. We are told, that on the farm where Linné was born, there yet stands a large lime-tree, from which his ancestors took the surnames of Tiliander, Lindelius, and Linnæus; and that this origin of surnames, taken from natural objects, is not uncommon in Sweden. This eminent man, whose talents enabled him to reform the whole science of natural history, accumulated, very early in life, some of the highest honours that await the most successful proficients in medical science; since we find that he was made professor of physic and botany, in the university of Upsal, at the age of 34; and six years afterwards, physician to his sovereign the late King Adolphus; who, in the year 1753, honoured him still farther, by creating him knight of the order His honours did not terminate of the Polar Star. here: for, in 1757, he was ennobled; and, in signation of his office, and rewarded his declining 1776, the late king of Sweden accepted the redonation of landed property settled on him and his years by doubling his pension, and by a liberal family. The first part of his academical education Linne received under professor Stobæus, at Lund, in Scania, who favoured his inclinations to the study of natural history. After a residence of about a year, he removed, in 1728, to Upsal. Here he soon contracted a close friendship with Artedi, a native of the province of Angermania, who had already been four years a student in that university, and, like himself, had a strong bent to the study of natural history in general, but particularly to ichthyology. Soon after his residence at Upsal, he was also happy enough to obtain the favour of several gentlemen of established character in literature. He was in a particular manner encouraged in the pursuit of his studies by the patronage of Dr. Olaus Celsius, at that time professor of divinity, and who the restorer of natural history in Sweden; not only patronized him in a general way, but admitted him to his house, his table, and his library. Under such encouragement it is not strange that our author made a rapid progress both in his studies and the esteem of the professors. In the year 1731, the Royal Academy of Sciences at Upsal having for some time meditated the design of improving the natural history of Sweden, at the instance particularly of professors Celsius and Rudbeck, deputed Linné to make the tour of Lapland, with the sole view of exploring the natural history of that arctic region; to which undertaking, bis reputation, already high as a naturalist, and the strength of his constitution, equally recommended him. He left Upsal the 13th of May, and took his route to Gevalia or Gevels, the principal town of Gestricia, 45 miles distant from Upsal. Hence he travelled through Helsingland into Medalpadia. His journeys from Lula and Pitha on the Both nian gulf, to the north shore, were made on foot; and he was attended by two Laplanders, one his interpreter, and the other his guide. Linne thus spent the greater part of the summer in examining this arctic region, and those mountains on which, four years afterwards, the French philosophers secured immortal fame to Sir Isaac Newton. At length, after having suffered incredible fatigues, he returned to Tornoa in September. He did not take the same route from Tornoa as when he came into Lapland, having determined to visit and examine the country on the eastern side of the Bothnian gulf: his first stage, therefore, was to Ula in East Bothnia; from thence to Old and New Carleby, 84 miles south from Ula. He continued his route through Wasa, Christianstadt, and Biorneburgh, to Abo, a small university in Finland. Winter was now setting in apace; he therefore crossed the gulf by the island of Aland, and arrived at Upsal in November, after having performed, and that mostly on foot, a journey of ten degrees of latitude in extent, exclusively of those deviations which such a design rendered necessary. la 1733, he visited and examined the several mines in Sweden; and made himself so well acquainted with mineralogy and the docimastic art, that we find he was sufficiently qualified to give lectures on those subjects upon his return to the university. The outlines of his system on mineralogy appeared in the early editions of the Systema Nature; but he did not exemplify the whole until the year 1768. In the year 1734, Linné was sent by Baron Reuterholm governor of Dalecarlia, with several other naturalists in that province, to investigate the natural productions of that part of the Swedish doMinions; and it was in this journey that our author first laid the plan of an excellent institution, which was afterwards executed, in a certain degree at least, by himself, with the assistance of many of his pupils, and the result published under the title of Pan Succus, in the second volume of the Amanitates Academica. In 1735, Linné travelled over many other parts of Sweden, some parts of Denmark and Germany, and fixed in Holland, where he chiefly resaled until his return to Stockholm, about the year 1739. In 1735, the year in which he took the degree of M. D. he published the first sketch of his Systema Natura, in a very compendious way, and in the form of tables only, in 12 pages in folio. By this it appears, that he had, at a very early period of his life (certainly before he was 24 years old), laid the basis of that great structure which he afterwards raised, not only to the increase of his own fame, but to that of natural science. In 1736, Linné came into England, and visited Dr. Dillenius, the late learned professor at Oxford, whom he justly considered as one of the first botanists in Europe. He mentions with particular respect the civilities he received from him, and the privileges he gave him of inspecting his own and the Sherardian collections of plants. It is needless to say, that he visited Dr. Martyn, Mr. Rand, and Mr. Miller, and that he was in a more singular manner indebted to the friendship of Dr. Isaac Lawson. He also contracted an intimate friendship with Mr. Peter Collinson. One of the most agreeable circumstances that happened to Linné during his residence in Holland, arose from the patronage of Mr. Clifford, in whose house he lived a considerable part of his time, being now as it were the child of fortune "Exivi patriâ triginta sex nummis aureis dives," are his own words. With Mr. Clifford, however, he enjoyed pleasures and privileges scarcely at that time to be met with elsewhere in the world; that of a garden excellently stored with the finest exotics, and a library furnished with almost every botanic author of note. Early in the year 1738, after Linné had left Mr. Clifford, and, as it should seem, when he resided with Van Royen, he had a long and dangerous fit of sickness; and, upon his recovery, went to Paris, where he was properly entertained by the Jussieus, at that time the first botanists in France. The opportunity this gave him of inspecting the Herbaria of Surian and Tournefort, and those of the above-named gentlemen, afforded him great satisfaction. Our author did not fail to avail himself of every advantage that access to the several museums of this country afforded him, in every branch of natural history; and the number and importance of his publications, during his absence from his native country, sufficiently demonstrate that fund of knowledge which he must have imbibed before, and no less testify his extraordinary application. These were, Systema Naturæ, Fundamenta Botanica, Bibliotheca Botanica, and Genera Plantarum; the last of which is justly considered as the most valuable of all the works of this celebrated author. What immense application had been bestowed upon it, the reader may easily conceive, on being informed, that before the publication of the first edition, the author had examined the characters of 8000 flowers. The last book of Linné's composition, published during his stay in Holland, was the Classes Plantarum, which is a copious illustration of the second part of the Funda menta. About the latter end of the year 1738, or the beginning of the next, our author settled as a physician at Stockholm; where he seems to have met with considerable opposition, and was oppressed with many difficulties; but all of these at length he overcame, and got into extensive practice; and soon after his settlement married the lady before spoken of. By the interest of Count Tessin, who was afterwards his great pa tron, and even procured medals to be struck in honour of him, he obtained the rank of physician to the fleet, and a stipend from the citizens for giving lectures in botany. And what at this time especially was highly favourable to the advancement of his character and fame, by giving him an opportunity of displaying his abilities, was the establishment of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Stockholm; of which Linné was constituted the first president, and to which establishment the king granted several privileges, particularly that of free postage to all papers directed to the secretary. By the rules of the academy, the president held his place but three months. At the expiration of that term, Linné made his Oratio de memorabilibus in Insectis, Oct. 3, 1739; in which he endeavours to excite an attention and inquiry into the knowledge of insects, by displaying the many singular phenomena that occur in contemplating the nature of those animals, and by pointing out, in a variety of instances, their usefulness to mankind in particular, and to the economy of nature in general. During all this time, however, Linné appears to have had his eye upon the botanic and medical chair at Upsal, at this time occupied by Rudbeck, who was far advanced in life. In course of time, he obtained his wish. In the year 1741, upon the resignation of Roberg, he was constituted joint professor of physic and physician to the king, with Rosen, who had been appointed in the preceding year on the death of Rudbeck. These two colleagues agreed to divide the medical departments between them; and their choice was confirmed by the university. Rosen took anatomy, physiology, pathology, and the therapeutic part; Linné, natural history, botany, materia medica, the dietetic part, and the diagnosis morborum. During the interval of his removal from Stockholm to Upsal, in consequence of this appointment, our professor was deputed by the states of the kingdom to make a tour to the islands of Oeland and Gothland, in the Baltic, attended by six of the pupils, commissioned to make such inquiries as might tend to improve agriculture and arts in the kingdom, to which the Swedish nation had for some time paid a particular attention. The result of this journey was very successful, and proved fully satisfactory to the states, and was afterwards communicated to the public. On his return he entered upon the professorship, and pronounced before the university his oration, De peregrinationum intra patriam necessitate, Oct. 17, 1741; in which he forcibly displays the usefulness of such excursions, by pointing out to the students that vast field of objects which their country held out to, their cultivation, whether in geography, physics, mineralogy, botany, zoology, or economics, and by showing the benefit that must accrue to themselves and their country as rewards to their diligence. That animated spirit which runs through the whole of this composition renders it one of the most pleasing and instructive of all our author's productions. Linné was now fixed in the situation that was the best adapted to his character, his taste, and abilities; and which seems to have been the object of his ambition, and centre of his hopes. Soon after his establishment, he laboured to get the academical garden, which had been founded The whole in 1657, put on a better footing, and very soon effected it; procuring also a house to be built for the residence of the professor. had been in ruin ever since the fire in 1702; and at the time Linné was appointed professor of botany, the garden did not contain above 50 plants that were exotic. His correspondence with the first botanists in Europe soon supplied him with great variety. He received Indian plants from Jussieu of Paris, and from Van Rayen of Leyden; European plants from Haller and Ludwig; American plants from the late Mr. Collinson, Mr. Catesby, and others; and variety of annuals from Dillenius: in short, how much the garden owed to his diligence and care in a few years, may be seen in the catalogue published under the title of "Hortus Upsaliensis, exhibens plantas exoticas horto Upsaliensis Academiæ a sese (Linnæo) illatas ab anno 1742, in annum 1748, additis, differentiis synonymis, habitationibus, hospitiis, rariorumque" descriptionibus, ingratiam studiosæ juventutis.' Holm, 1748, 8vo. p. 306. tab. 3. By this catalogue it appears, that the professor had introduced 1100 species, exclusively of all the Swedish plants, and of varieties; which latter, in ordinary gardens, amount not unfrequently to one-third of the whole number. The preface contains a curious history of the climate at Upsal, and the progress of the seasons throughout the whole year. The The fame which our author had now acquired by his Systema Naturæ, of which a sixth edition, much enlarged, had been published at Stockholm, in 1748, in 8vo. p. 232, with eight tables explanatory of the classes and orders (and which was also republished by Gronovius, at Leyden), had brought, as it were, a conflux of every thing rare and valuable in every branch of nature, from all parts of the globe, into Sweden. king and queen of Sweden had their separate collections of rarities; the former at Ulricksdahl; the latter, very rich in exotic insects and shells, procured at a great expense, at the palace of Drottningholm; both of which our author was employed in arranging and describing. Besides these, the museum of the Royal Academy of Upsal had been augmented by a considerable donation from the king, whilst hereditary prince, in 1746; by another from Count Gyllenborg the year before; by a third from M. Grill, an opulent citizen of Stockholm. His repu From this time we see the professor in a more elevated rank and situation in life. tation had already procured him honours from almost all the royal societies in Europe: and his own sovereign, truly sensible of his merit, and greatly esteeming his character and abili ties, favoured him with a mark of his distinction and regard, by creating him a knight of the Polar Star. It was no longer laudatur et alget. His emoluments kept pace with his fame and honours: his practice in his profession became lucrative; and we find him soon after possessed of his country-house and gardens at Hammarby, about five miles from Upsal. He had moreover received one of the most flattering testimonies of the extent and magnitude of his fame that perhaps was ever shown to any literary charac ter, the state of the nation which conferred it, with all its circumstances, duly considered. This was an invitation to Madrid, from the king of Spain, there to preside as a naturalist, with the |