convex, rounded at the base, lower mandible bent in at the edge; nostrils small, round, at the base of the bill; tongue truncate.

In the loxia, emberiza, and fringilla genera both mandibles are moveable, by which means they are able to shell and break in pieces the seeds they feed upon. The loxia is a very numerous tribe, comprising a hundred and one species, of which five are British. We shall enumerate a few.

vear.

1. L. curvirostra. Crossbill. This is the most remarkable bird of this tribe. Both mandibles of the bill are hooked, and turned different ways, so that they do not meet at the point. This extraordinary bill is not uniformly in the same direction: in some individuals the under mandible is twisted to the right, in others, to the left side; a circumstance which proves that the variation of the bill is owing to certain uses to which it is applied by the bird, and not to any fixed appointment in nature. This species, as well as the former, is but an inconstant visitor of the British islands. It inhabits more generally Germany, Switzerland, the Alps, and Pyrenées; where it is permanent the whole Birds of this species migrate, from unknown causes, into other countries, not regularly, but in the course of several years: driven, perhaps, from their native country by some particular temperature of the weather, that destroys their food, or proves hurtful to their constitutions. They inhabit the pine-forests; and feed upon the cones, for the scaling of which the cross form of the lower mandible is admirably suited. The seed of apples is also a favourite food of these birds; and they are said to be so dextrous in finding it, that they divide an apple with a single stroke of their beak. Their colours are extremely apt to change at different seasons of the year, and even in the course of a single month. The males, in particular, vary from deep red to orange and yellow. The females, which are green, change into different shades of the same hue. The nest is hemispherical, and built on the branches of high trees: eggs whitish, with red spots towards the thicker end.

2. L. pyrthula. Bulfinch. This species, which, in its natural state, has but two or three very harsh notes, is so docile a bird, that, by a regular education, it becomes one of the greatest proficients in music. The fernale also acquires the talent of song; a circumstance by which she is distinguished from the whole sex in the feathered race, being the only female to whom nature has granted that endowment. The bulfinch may be taught to speak, as well as to sing; and inany, thus accomplished, are brought annually from Germany to London. He utters his little phrases, says Buffon, with such an air of discernment and penetration, that You are apt to believe him animated by an intelligent principle. The male is distinguished from the female by the superior blackness of its crown, and by the rich crimson that adorns its cheeks, breast, belly, and throat; those parts of the female being of a dirty buff colour. The plumage of this species is variable, some individuals being wholly black; others white with

black spots on the back; or with the head, neck, breast, and belly rosy.

3. L. coccothraustes. Hawfinch. Chesnutash; wings with a white line: middle quillfeathers rhombic at the tips; tail-feathers black at the base of the thinner web. Inhabits Europe, rarely England: six and three quarters inches long; feeds on berries and the kernels of the strongest stones, which its very strong bill breaks with ease: builds in the forky branches of trees, and lays five roundish, bluish-green eggs, spotted with brown.

4. L. cardinalis. Cardinal grosbeak. Crested, red; frontlet black; bill and legs blood red. Inhabits North America; nearly eight inches long; sings very finely in spring and summer; feeds on grain and Indian corn, which it hoards up.

Yellowish

5. L. chloris. Green - finch. green; primary quill-feathers edged with yellow; four lateral tail-feathers pale yellow at the base. Inhabits England and Europe generally, and Kamtschatka; builds in hedges, and is easily made tame : lays from five to six pale-green eggs, with blood-coloured spots.

6. L. sulphurata. Brimstone grosbeak. Olive-brown: throat and belly pale yellow; eyebrows yellow; bill horn-colour. Inhabits in flocks near the Cape of Good Hope; five and three quarters inches long; frequents the banks of rivers, and builds a pendulous nest with a long neck beneath in trees and shrubs,

7. L. Philippina. Philippine grosbeak, Brown, beneath yellowish white; crown and breast pale-yellow; chin brown. Another variety with the tail and quill-feathers greenish brown, edged with yellow. The female is reddish below. The first inhabits the Philippine Isles, the second Abyssinia: five and`a half inches long: constructs a curious nest with the long fibres of plants or dried grass, and suspends it by a kind of cord, nearly half an ell long, from the end of a slender branch of some tree, that it may be inaccessible to snakes and other hostile animals; the interior part consists of three divisions: the first is occupied by the male, the second by the female, and the third contains the young. In the first apartment, where the male keeps watch while the female is hatching, a little tough clay is placed on one side, and on the top of this clay a glow-worm, which affords its inhabitants light in the night-time. The nest of the second variety is spiral, with an opening on one side, which is always turned from the rainy quarter.

8. L. Abyssinica. Abyssinian grosbeak, Yellowish; crown, temples, throat, and breast black; shoulders blackish; quill and tail-feathers brown, edged with yellow. Inhabits Abyssinia: size of the hawfinch; makes a pyramidal, pendent nest, the opening of which is on one side, facing the east; it is divided in the middle by a partition, and the nest is within this cavity on one side; by this means it is secure from the intrusion of snakes, squirrels, monkeys, and other mischievous animals, and defended from the westerly rains, which in Abyssinia last for six months together.

9. L. pensilis. Pensile grosbeak. Green; head and throat yellow: ocular band green; belly grey; vent rufous-red; bill, legs, tail and quill-feathers black, the last edged with green. Inhabits Madagascar; size of a house-sparrow; constructs a pensile nest of straw and reeds, shaped like a bag, with an opening beneath, on one side of which is the true nest. This bird does not choose a new situation every year, but fastens a new nest to the end of the last, often as far as a chain of five nests in succession; builds in large societies, and brings three at each hatch. Irids yellow.

10. L. socia. Sociable grosbeak. Rufousbrown, beneath yellowish; frontlet black, tail short; bill black. Inhabits the interior parts of the Cape of Good Hope; five and a half inches long. These live together in vast tribes of from eight hundred to a thousand at times, under one common roof, containing their several nests, which is built on a large species of mimosa.

LOXODROMIC CURVE, or SPIRAL, is the same as the rhumb line, or path of a ship sailing always on the same course in an oblique direction, or making always the same angle with every meridian. It is a species of logarithmic spiral, described on the surface of the sphere, having the meridians for its radii. LOXODROMICs, the art or method of oblique sailing, by the loxodromic or rhumb line.

LOYAL. a. (loyal, French.) 1. Obedient; true to the prince (Knolles). 2. Faithful in love; true to a lady, or lover (Milton). LOYALIST. 8. (from loyal.) One who professes uncommon adherence to his king (Howel).

LO'YALLY. ad. (from loyal.) With fidelity; with true adherence to a king; with fidelity to a lover (Pope).

LOYALTY. 8. (loiauté, French.) 1. Firm and faithful adherence to a prince (Milton), 2. Fidelity to a lady, or lover.

LOYALTY is also the name of a fund, at five per cent. which originated in 1796, by a voluntary subscription, but was raised for the service of the year 1797. Its capital in October, 1804, was 22,352,4561, 5s. This fund was paid off in 1805.

LOYOLA (Ignatius), the founder of the jesuits, was born of a considerable family, in the province of Guipuscoa in Spain, in 1491. He was brought up to the military profession, and obtained a commission in the Spanish army; but having his leg broken at the siege of Pampeluna, he made a vow to the Virgin, that if he recovered he would go on pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and devote himself to a religious course of life. When his cure was completed, he performed his engagement with the most scrupulous exactness. After studying the Latin language a short time at Barcelona, Loy. ola commenced preacher, and began to gather disciples; for which he was twice imprisoned. He went on, however, in spite of opposition, and at length had the sanction of Paul III. to his order, which was called the society of Jesus. That pope afterwards confirmed the or

der without any restriction, and Ignatius had the satisfaction of seeing his institution most widely spread in different parts of the world. He died at Rome in 1558; and was canonized by pope Gregory XV. in 1622. The jesuits continued to possess the greatest power and most extensive connexions of any body of men till the beginning of the 18th century, when they began to decline very rapidly. At length they were totally suppressed by Clement XIV. in 1773. See JESUITS.

LOZENGE, in heraldry, a four-cornered figure, resembling a pane of glass in old casements. See HERALDRY. Though all heralds agree, that single ladies are to place their arms on lozenges, yet they differ with respect to the causes that gave rise to it. Plutarch says, in the Life of Theseus, that in Megara, an ancient town of Greece, the tombstones, under which the bodies of the Amazons lay, were shaped after that form; which some conjecture to be the cause why ladies have their arms on lozenges. S. Petra Sancta will have this shield to represent a cushion, whereupon women used to sit and spin, or do other housewifery. Sir J. Ferne thinks it is formed from the shield called tessera, which the Romans finding unfit for war, did allow to women to place their ensigns upon, with one of its angles always uppermost.

LOZENGES, among jewellers, are common to brilliant and rose diamonds. In brilliants, they are formed by the meeting of the skill and star facets on the bezil; in the latter, by the meeting of the facets in the horizontal ribs of the crown. See FACETS.

LOZENGE is also a form of medicine, made into small pieces, to be held or chewed in the mouth till they are melted there: the same with what are otherwise called trochisci, troches.

LOZERE, a department of France, including the late province of Gevaudan. It is a mountainous barren country, and receives its name from one of its principal mountains. Mende is the capital.

LP. A contraction for lordship.

LUBBARD. 8. (from lubber.) A lazy sturdy fellow (Swift).

LUBBER. s. (lubbed, Danish, fat.) A sturdy drone; an idle, fat, bulky losel; a booby (Car.).

LUBBERLY. a. (from lubber.) Lazy and bulky (Shakspeare).

LUBBERLY. ad. Awkwardly; clumsily (Dryden).

LUBEC, a free and imperial city and seaport of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein. It was the head of the famous hanseatic league, formed here in 1164, and the most commercial city and powerful republic of the North. Her fleet set the northern powers at defiance, and rode mistress of the Baltic. But it now retains not a shadow of its former power, and has lost great part of its trade. The houses are built in a very ancient style; the doors being so large as to admit carriages into the hall, which frequently serves for a coach-house; and the walls of many houses

bear the date of the 15th century. The townhouse is a superb structure, and has several towers. Here is also a fine exchange, built in 1653. The inhabitants are all Lutherans, andthe chief preacher has the title of superintendant. There are five large churches, one of which is the cathedral, whose body is of an extraordinary length, containing several curiosities; such as a handsome statue of the Virgin Mary, a curious clock, and a prodigious large organ. There were formerly four convents; and in that of St. John there are still some protestant girls, under the government of an abbess. That of St. Mary Magdalen is turned into an hospital; that of St. Ann is made a house of correction; and the monastery of St. Catherine is now a handsome college. Lubec is seated at the confluence of some rivers, the largest of which is the Trave, 14 miles S. W. of the Baltic, and 30 N. E. of Hamburgh. Lon. 10. 14 E. Lat. 53. 52 N.

LUBEC (Bishopric of), a small bishopric, in the duchy of Holstein. It has been enjoyed by protestant princes of the house of Holstein ever since 1561, when Lutheranism was established here.

LUBEC, an island of the Indian Ocean. Lon. 112. 22 E. Lat. 5. 50 S.

LUBEN, a town of Silesia, capital of a cirtle of the same name, in the principality of Lignitz, 22 miles N.W. of Breslaw. Lon. 16. 28 E. Lat. 51. 20 N.

LUBIN (Eilhard), was professor of poetry in the university of Rostock in 1595; and ten years after was promoted to the professorship of divinity. He wrote notes on Anacreon, Juvenal, Persius, &c. and several other works; but that which made the most noise, is a treatise on the nature and origin of evil, entitled, Phosphorus de causa prima et natura mali, printed at Rostock in 1596; in which we have a curious hypothesis to account for the origin of moral evil. He supposed two co-eternal principles; not matter and vacuum, as Epicarus did; but God, and nihilum, or nothing. This being published against by Grawer, was defended by Lubin; but after all, he is deemed better acquainted with polite literature than with divinity. He died in 1621.

LUBLIN, a handsome and considerable town of Poland, capital of the palatinate of the same name, with a citadel, a bishop's see, an university, and a handsome Jewish syna gogue. Here the judicial courts for all Poland are held. It has three fairs, frequented by merchants from all nations. It is seated on the river Bystrzna. Lon. 22. 44 E. Lat. 51.14N. To LUBRICATE. v. a. (from lubricus, Lat.) To make smooth or slippery; to smooth. LUBRICITY. s. (lubricus, Latin.) 1. Slipperiness; smoothness of surface. 2. Apt ness to glide over any part, or to facilitate motion (Ray). 3. Uncertainty; instability (L'Est.) 4. Wantonness; lewdness (Dryden). LUBRIC. a. (lubricus, Latin.)` 1. Slippery; smooth on the surface (Crashaw). 2. Uncertain; unsteady (Wotton). 2. Wanton; lewd (Dryden).

LU'BRICOUS. a. (lubricus, Latin.) 1. Slippery; smooth (Woodward). 2. Uncertain (Glanville).

LUBRIFICATION. s. (lubricus and fie, Lat.) The act of smoothing (Ray). LUBRIFACTION. s. (lubricus and facio, Lat.) The act of lubricating or smoothing. LUCANIA, a country of Italy, and a part of Magna Græcia; bounded on the north by the river Silarus, by which it was separated from the Picentini, and by the river Bradanus, by which it was parted from the Apuli Peucetii; on the south by the Laus, which separated it from the Brutii; on the east by the Sirus Tarentinus; and on the west by the Tuscan sea. Lucani, the people, descendants of the Samnites. Lucanus, the epithet, (Horace). Luce boves denoted elephants; first seen in Pyrrhus's wars in Lucania, whence the appellation.

LUCANUS. In zoology, a genus of the class insecta, order coleoptera. Antennas clavate, the club compressed, and divided into short pectinate leaves; jaws projecting beyond the head so as to resemble horns, toothed; two palpigerous tufts under the lip. Twenty-six species scattered over the globe; of which three are common to our country, and are some of the largest of the British insects.

The lucani feed upon the liquor that exudes from oaks, which they suck with their tongues. The females deposit their eggs in the trunks of decayed trees, such as the oak and the ash. The larvae or grubs lodge under the bark, or in the hollow of old trees, which they gnaw and reduce into a fine powder, and there transform themselves into chrysalides. With the noxious effects of these animals on growing timber we are not acquainted; but notwithstanding their enormous size, it is probable that they are far less destructive than those that prey upon the roots of corn. We shall offer an example or two.

1. L. cervus; Stag-beetle; readily distinguished by its superior magnitude, which entitles it to the first rank among the insect tribes: it is however characterized by another peculiarity no less singular, and that is, the large moveable maxillæ, or jaws, resembling in form the horns of a stag, whence the specific name. These instruments are broad and flat, projecting from the head nearly one third of the animal's length. They have in the middle, towards the inner part, a small branch, and at their extremity are forked.

An insect of such an uncommon size as the stag-beetle, and of such singular conformation, has attracted the notice of all the entomologists. The female is distinguished by the comparative minuteness of her horns, which are not above half the size of those of the male; both, however, are armed in the anterior side with small teeth, throughout the whole of their length; and both are sometimes as red as coral, which gives these animals a very beautiful appearance.

The head that supports these romantic horns is broad, short, and irregular; and the thorax,

which intervenes between it and the body, is narrower than either, and marginated around. The shells of this beetle are very plain, being unadorned with either streaks or lines. The colour of the whole animal is uniformly of a deep brown.

Their residence is commonly the oak; in some parts of the country they are but rarely to be met with; and though the largest of all the coleopterous class in this part of the world, are much smaller than those of the same species, in countries where woods are more extensive, and the climate is warmer. In these last quarters they acquire an amazing strength and vigour; and the maxillæ, whose ordinary office is to tear the bark of trees, are occasionally converted into offensive weapons, which are carefully avoided by such as have experienced the severity of their bite.

2. L. parallelepipidus. Parallelipiped Beetle. The body of this species is black; the horns smaller than those of the preceding, which in other respects it nearly resembles, and the form oblong, and parallelipiped, as its name imports. It frequents the meadow grounds, and its habits appear different from those of the preceding species.

LUCANUS (M. Annæus), a native of Corduba in Spain, was early removed to Rome, where his rising talents and lavished panegyrics recommended him to Nero, who raised him to the dignity of an augur and quæstor before he had attained the proper age. A poetical contest then took place between Lucan and Nero, in which the former obtained an easy victory; this excited not only the jealousy but the resentment of the emperor. The insults to which Lucan was exposed, provoked him at last to join Piso in a conspiracy against the emperor. The plot was discovered, and the poet had nothing left but to choose the manner of his execution. He had his veins opened in a warm bath. He died in his 26th year, A.D. 65. Of all his compositions, none but his Pharsalia remains, which is an unfinished account of the civil wars of Cæsar and Pompey. He wrote a poem upon the burning of Rome, now lost. A good English version of the Pharsalia has been given by Mr. Nicholas Rowe.

LUCANUS (Ocullus or Ucullus), an ancient Pythagorean philosopher, whose age is unknown. He wrote, in the Attic dialect, a book on the nature of the universe, which he deemed eternal, and from it were drawn the systems adopted by Aristotle, Plato, and PhiloJudæus. This work was first translated into Latin by Nogarola.

LUCAR DE BARAMEDA (St.), a handsome and considerable town of Spain, with a very good harbour, well defended, in Andalusia. It was once the greatest port in Spain, before the galleons unloaded their treasure at Cadiz. It is seated at the mouth of the river Guadalquiver. Lon. 5. 51 W. Lat. 36. 58 N.

LUCAR DE GUADIANA (St.), a strong town of Spain, in Andalusia, on the confines of

Algarve; seated on the river Guadiana, with a little harbour. Lon. 8. 16 W. Lat. 37. 18 N.

LUCAR LA MAJOR (St.) a small town of Spain, in Andalusia, with the title of a duchy, It is seated on the river Guadiana, in Lon. 3. 33 W. Lat. 37. 36 N.

LUCARIA, a feast celebrated at Rome on the 18th of July, in memory of the flight of the Romans into a great wood, where they found an asylum, and saved themselves from destruction.

LUCAS (Jacobs), an eminent artist, more generally known by the name of Lucas van Leyden, or Hugense, was born at Leyden in 1494. He received his first instructions in the art of painting, from his father Hugnes Jacobs; but completed his studies in the school of Cornelius Engelbrecht. He gained much money by his profession, and being of a generous turn of mind, he spent it freely, dressed well, and lived in a superior style. It is said, that a few years before his death, he made a tour into Zealand and Brabant; and during his journey, a painter of Flushing, envious of his great abilities, gave him poison at an entertainment; which, though very slow, was too fatal in its effect, and put an end to his life, after six years languishing under its cruel influence. Others, denying the story of the poison, attribute his death to his incessant industry. The superiority of this artist's genius manifested itself in his infancy: for his works, even from the age of nine, were so excellent, as to excite the admiration of all contemporary artists; and when he was about 15, he painted a St. Hubert, which gained him great applause. His tone of colouring (Mr. Pilkington observes) is good, his attitudes (making a reasonable allowance for the stiff German taste) are well chosen, his figures have a considerable expression in their faces, and his pictures are very highly finished. He endea voured to proportion the strength of his colouring to the different degrees of distance in which his objects were placed for in that early time, the true principles of perspective were but little known, and the practice of it was much less observed. In the town-hall at Leyden, the most capital picture of Lucas, the subject of which is the Last Judgment, is preserved with great care; the magistrates having refused very large sums which have been of fered for it.

This artist painted not only in oil, but also in distemper and upon glass. Nor was he less eminent for his engraving than for his paint ing. He carried on a familiar and friendly correspondence with Albert Durer, who was his cotemporary; and it is said, that as regularly as Albert Durer published one print, Lucas published another, without the least jealousy on either side, or wish to depreciate each other's merit. And when Albert came into Holland upon his travels, he was received by Lucas in a most cordial and affectionate manner. His style of engraving, however, according to Mr. Strutt, differed considerably

from that of Albert Durer, "and seems evidently to have been founded upon the works of Israel van Mechlen. His prints are very neat and clear, but without any powerful effect. The strokes are as fine and delicate upon the objects in the front, as upon those in the distances and this want of variety, joined with the feebleness of the masses of shadow, give his engravings, with all their neatness, an unfinished appearance, much unlike the firm substantial effect which we find in the works of Albert Durer.

LUCAS (Brugensis Francis), dean of St. Omer, was a learned divine, and well skilled in the oriental languages. He died in 1619. His works are wholly elucidations of the Holy Scriptures.

LUCAS (Dr. Richard), a learned and pious divine, was born at Presteign in Radnorshire, in 1648, and educated at Jesus college, Oxford, where he proceeded to his degree of D.D. In 1683 he became vicar of St. Stephen, Cole. man-street, London, and lecturer of St. Olave, Southwark. In 1691 he was installed prebendary of Westminster. For some years before his death he was totally blind. He died in 1715, and was buried in Westminster abbey. He wrote, 1. Practical Christianity; 2. An Enquiry after Happiness, 2 vols. 8vo; 3. Five volames of Sermons, 8vo.

LUCCA, a small republic of Italy on the coast of the Mediterranean, between the territory of Genoa on the west, Modena on the north, and Tuscany on the east. According to Keysler, it is only about thirty miles in circumference, but is exceedingly fertile and popalous. It contains, besides the city of Lucca, 150 villages. The number of inhabitants is computed at 120,000. The government is lodged in a gonfalonier, whose power is much the same with that of the doges of Venice and Genoa. He is assisted by nine counsellors; but the power of all the ten continues only for two months, during which time they live in the state palace, and at the public expense. They are chosen out of the great council, which consists of 240 nobles; but even this council is changed by a new election every two years. The revenues of the republic are about 400,000 scudi or crowns; out of which they maintain 500 men by way of regular force, and 70 Swiss as a guard to their acting magistrates. The city of Lucca is situated on a plain, terminating in most delight ful eminences, adorned with villas, summer houses, corn-fields, and plantations of every kind; so that nothing either for use or pleasure is here wanting. The city, which is about three Italian miles in circumference, has regalar well lined fortifications; and its streets, though irregular, are wide, well paved, and full of handsome houses. The number of its inhabitants is computed to be above 40,000; and they carry on large manufactures, especially of silk stuffs. Lucca has a bishop, who enjoys several extraordinary privileges; and its cathedral is gothic. The city stands in lon. 10. 35 E. lat. 43. 50 N.

Such was the state of the republic and city of Lucca; they now form a part of what Napoleon pleases to have called the kingdom of Italy; whether any vestige of the former government is permitted to remain we know not.

LUCE. s. (perhaps from lupus, Latin.) A pike full grown (Shakspeare). LUCENT. a. (lucens, Latin.) Shining; bright; splendid (Ben Jonson).

LUCENA, a town of Spain, in the province of Cordova, 29 miles S.S.E. of Cordova, and 40 N.W. of Grenada. Lon. 3. 50 W. Lat. 37. 28 N.

LUCERA, an ancient town of Naples, in Capitinata, with a bishop's see. The town is small but populous, and has a manufacture of cloth. It is 30 miles W.S.W. of Manfredonia, and 65 N.E. of Naples. Lon. 15. 34 E. Lat. 41. 28 N.

LUCERN, or LUCERNE, one of the cantons of Swisserland, and the most considerable except Zurich and Berne. It is 30 miles in length, and 20 in breadth; bounded on the E. by the cantons of Underwalden, Schweitz, and Zug, and on all the other sides by the canton of Berne. The air is mild, and the soil uncommonly fertile. Freedom and openness of manners characterize the inhabitants, who are Roman catholics; and they can send 16,000 men into the field. The government of this republic is entirely aristocratical, or rather oligarchical. The sovereign power resides in the council of one hundred, comprising the senate, or little council. The former is the nominal sovereign; but the whole power resides in the latter, consisting of 36 persons, who are formed into two divisions, which exercise the office by rotation. The division which retires at the end of six months confirms that which comes into office; and as the vacant places in the senate are filled up by its own body, the power remains in the possession of a few patrician families. The senatorial dignity, moreover, may be considered, in some degree, as hereditary; the son generally succeeding his father, or the brother his brother. The chiefs of the republic are two magistrates called advoyers, who are chosen from the senate by the sovereign, and annually confirmed.

LUCERN, the capital of the canton of Lucern, in Swisserland. It is divided into two parts by a branch of the Reuss, which falls into the lake, on which the town is seated. It scarcely contains three thousand inhabitants, has no manufactures of consequence, and little commerce. The pope has always a nuncio resident here. In the cathedral is an organ of a fine tone, and of an extraordinary size; the centre pipe is 40 feet in length, near three in breadth, and weighs 1100 pounds. The bridges, which skirt the town, round the edge of the lake, are the fashionable walk of the place, and remarkable for their length. Being covered at the top and open at the sides, they afford a constant view of the delightful and romantic country. They are decorated with coarse paintings, representing the histories of the Old