xlv note, lv, clxxvi). In 1272 Ralph of Creully held the fief (H. de F., 755c).

For the antecedents and extent of the honour see the charters in Round, Calendar, pp. 164, 336-8, 521, 535.

See Tillières.

ESNEVAL. In 1172 Robert of Esneval (Seine-Inferieure) owed the service of 3 knights and had that of 124 (R.B., ii, 630). In 1204 his son, Robert, was one of the Norman barons who signed the capitulation of Rouen and afterwards joined Philip Augustus (above, p. 384; C.N., no. 124; H. de F., 643d, 707h).

EU. The history of the county of Eu and of its count, Ralph of Exoudun, has frequently detained us (cf. above, p. 218 n). Ralph held the honour in right of his wife Alice, and was a Poitevin who did not long remain loyal to Philip, in spite of the precautions taken by the king (Actes, nos. 966, 1182, edited pp. 510, 515). He died in 1219, when his widow received the greater part of her honour of Eu from Philip (C.N., no. 276, p. 304). Owing no doubt to the services rendered to John and Henry III by Ralph of Exoudun, the countess of Eu retained possession of the vast English possessions of the honour until 1242, a few years before her death (see the valuable discussion in Stapleton II, ccxxxiiccxxxvi).1 Alfonse of Brienne, the husband of her grand-daughter, and his son John, made the well-known claim to possess Hastings and Tickhill in the years 1259 and 1290 (see above, p. 422).

FERRIERES. The Norman family of Ferrières, which must be distinguished from the English family which had the earldom of Derby, had its seats at Ferrières-St. Hilaire and Chambrais (Broglie), both upon the river Charentonne in the department of Eure. In 1172 Walchelin of Ferrières owed the service of 5 knights and had 423 in his service (R.B., ii, 630). He was with Richard during his captivity in January 1194, at Speyer (Round, Calendar, p. 469), having been sent with treasure from Normandy (Rot. Scacc. i, 249). He died in 1201 and was succeeded by his son

1. She died in 1245 according to the chronicle of the Counts of Eu, H. de F., 442.

Henry (Rot. de Fin., 178; Stapleton II, lxix). Henry joined Philip (C.N., no. 124; H. de F., 684e, 710c).

The English lands of this house included the manors of Oakham in Rutland and of Lechlade in Gloucestershire. Walchelin of Ferrières had given the latter to his other son Hugh. His daughter, Isabella, wife of Roger Mortimer of Wigmore, was after 1204 allowed a life interest in both manors (Testa, 39, 77; Rot. Claus., i, 390 b; Stapleton II, cxxii-v, and the authorities there quoted). After her death they escheated to the crown as terrae Normannorum. See Banks, Dormant and Extinct Baronage, i, 75.

FONTENAI.

Fontenai-le-Marmion

(Calvados) is situated. above the valley of the Laize, south of Caen, and was apparently held of the honour of Beaumont-le-Roger by Robert Marmion (H. de F., 710h). After 1204 Robert Marmion stayed in England, but his eldest son Robert, remained in Normandy (see his charters quoted by Delisle, C.N., no. 273 note, and no. 378 note, and Stapleton II, civ). The latter's son, Philip, left Normandy for England, and in 1256 Joan, daughter of Ralph Tesson, had the disposition of the Norman fief in virtue of some relationship (Stapleton II, cvii).

The circumstances under which Philip Marmion came to England are significant. Robert Marmion the elder died in 1218 leaving, in addition to Robert of Fontenai, another son Robert, by a second wife. In May 1218, after his father's death, this second son Robert, made an elaborate fine with Henry III, whereby he was to hold the extensive English lands of his father' until the lands of the English and Normans should be common to both' again. On his elder brother's return, he would retire to the lands already granted to him by his father. Robert, the eldest son, availed himself of this arrangement in 1220 and, in spite

1. Excerpta e rotulis finium, i, 9, 10. "Robertus Marmiun junior finem fecit cum domino Rege per quingentas libras pro habenda custodia castri de Tameworth et terrarum que fuerunt Roberti patris sui, unde fuit saisitus die quo obiit quousque terre Anglie et Normannie sint communes, ita quod Anglici habeant terram suam in Normannia et Normanni terras suas in Anglia,, et si forte antequam terre predicte sint communes supradicto modu, Robertus frater ejus senior veniat ad pacem domini Regis," etc.

of his tenure in Normandy, contrived to hold Tamworth and Scrivelsby of Henry III (Rot. Claus., i, 442b; Stapleton II, ciii-civ). This is one of the most striking cases of double tenure (above, p. 434). Both sons died shortly after 1240, and were succeeded by their sons Philip and William. Philip came to England in 1242. The brothers took opposite sides during the civil wars, Philip fighting for the king and William being an adherent of Simon de Montfort.

For more particulars see Stapleton, Banks, op. cit., i, 129-131; D.N.B., xxxvi, 190. Through Philip Marmion's daughters, Tamworth and Scrivelsby passed ultimately to the families of Freville and Dymoke. The descendants of William, son of Robert Marmion, junior, were the lords of Witringham in Lincoln, and of West Tanfield in Yorkshire.

FONTENAI, Richard of: Richard was perhaps the most important local official in Normandy during the last year of John's rule (above, pp. 365, 373). His connection with the family of Marmion is not stated, but it is curious that he was connected with the same family by marriage as was Robert Marmion, the elder son of Robert the elder. In 1204-5 Philip Augustus endowed him with lands in the Cotentin (Actes, no. 907, cf. H. de F. 611h), and he appears constantly in the records of the Norman Exchequer after the conquest (Jugements, nos. 233, 244, 299, 352; and notes to pp. 267, 291).

FOUGERES, fiefs of William of: For the confiscation of William's lands in Normandy by John see above, p. 245. In right of his wife Clementia, the grand-niece of William, Randle, earl of Chester claimed Ipplepen (in Devon) and other possessions of the house of Fougères in England. They were granted, but with the qualification that they were "not of just right annexed to his honour" (Stapleton II, cc).

1. Robert Marmion married Juliana, and the son of Richard of Fontenai married Matilda, both daughters of Philip of Vassy (Stapleton, II, civ; Lechaudé d'Anisy in Mémoires de la Societé des Antiquaires de Normandie, viii, part 2, p. 56).

GACE. The honour of Gacé, near Argentan (Orne), was held in 1172 by Amauri of Sablé by the service of 3 knights. He had 11 in his service (R.B., ii, 629). He was succeeded by Lisiard and by Peter of Sablé, who died in 1195 and 1203 respectively (Stapleton II, lii). In 1203 Reginald du Bois had the custody of the heirs (R.N., 114). The family remained in Normandy. According to Register A, Guy of Sablé had the honour shortly after the conquest (H. de F., 695b) perhaps as guardian of the "heres de Gaci" (Ibid, 684g). In 1227 Amauri was lord of Gacé (C.N., no. 366).

GISORS, fief of John of: The baron held an extensive honour in the French and Norman Vexin near Gisors (see the list of his fiefs in 1220, H. de F., 630, and the inquest into the fiefs of the archbishop of Rouen, in C.N., no. 202). After the loss of the Vexin, or rather the valley of the Epte in Richard's reign, John's Norman lands escheated, so far as they were in the duke's power (cf. Rot. Scacc., ii, 306, "firma terre Johannis de Gisorz " (1198), and above, p. 261). See Stapleton II, xxxvi-viii, for his family and lands; also C.N., no. 517 note. His Sussex lands ultimately went to Hugh of Gournai (R.B., ii, 803).

GLOUCESTER, fiefs of the earl of: The Norman fief of the Earl of Gloucester had its centre at Sainte-Scolasse (Orne, arr. Alençon), the chief tenant being the lord of le Meslesur-Sarthe (H. de F., 618e; cf. also 611j, 619k, 620d, 715c). The fief came to King John in right of his wife, but a great part of it, together with the title of earl, went to Amauri, count of Evreux, after the loss of Evreux (C.N., no. 54; R.N., 92). Amauri's father had married the eldest daughter of Earl William. On his career see Stapleton II .clxiii.

GOURNAI. Hugh of Gournai and his father before him held the honour of Gournai by the service of 12 knights and with the duty of defending the March with their other knights (R.B., ii, 628; cf. Rot. Scacc., ii, 416, 551). In Register A the entry on the list of fees is subpuncted for deletion, and in later registers of Philip Augustus it is omitted (R.B., ii, 628 note; H. de F., 694 note). After its conquest in 1202 Gournai became a royal castle (C.N., no. 209). Saint Louis refers in one of his charters (March

g

1248) to his palace at Gournai (Ibid, no. 1180). Ecouché, near Argentan, is stated by Stapleton (II., lxxxv) to have been part of the honour, and seems to have been in royal hands in 1220 (C.N., nos. 283, 284, 307).

For Hugh of Gournai see above, pp. 163, 419. For the extent of his honour on the borders of Normandy in the valleys of the Epte and Bresle, and in the dioceses of Amiens and Beauvais, see Stapleton I, cii, clxxix; and the authorities named in Tardif, Coutumiers, I, ii, p. lii note. The distribution of his Norman lands outside Brai, which had been commenced by John in 1203 (R.N., 82, 94, 95) was continued by the French kings (C.N., nos. 134, 771).

In May 1203, the lands of Hugh in Norfolk and Suffolk had been granted to John the Marshal (R.N., 92), and in June, Wendover was granted to Ralph of Tilly (Rot. de Liberate, 45, 74). After his reconciliation with John in 1206 (Rot. Pat., 57b) Hugh was reinstated, as the inquisition of 1212 shows (R.B., ii, 477, 537). In 1208 he appears in possession of the soke of Waltham (Rot. Pat., 85; R.B., ii, 523) formerly held by Alan FitzCount. In Sussex, of the lands of the Normans, he had the manor of Berlinges, once the land of John of Gisors, extraneus (Ibid, ii, 803).

Mapledurham and Petersfield were the dowry of his daughter on her marriage with Amauri, earl of Gloucester (Stapleton I, exliv).

GRAVENCHON-EN-CAUX (Seine-Inferieure) was an honour of the counts of Evreux, and remained to the counts after the loss of Evreux until 1204, when Philip Augustus added it to his demesne (C.N., 113). For its content see H. de F., 705h.

GRAVILLE. Graville, Geraudeville, Girardivilla, near Harfleur (Seine-Inferieure), was held in 1172 by Matthew of Graville by the service of 4 knights. He had 12 knights in his service (R.B., ii, 629). In 1204 William Malet was the lord of Graville. His wife was Philippa, daughter of the count of Alençon, and when he died, soon after the conquest, he left her with a son Robin or Robert. This Robert Malet, was, through his mother, one of the heirs to the honour of Alençon (C.N., nos. 284, 1126, 1140, 1149). On his father's death, he was a minor, and Graville was for some time in