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From Walter of Chanteloup *

From the English treasury through the
same, £100 sterling=

From the treasury at Rouen, de focagio,1
through the bishop of Lisieux, treasurer,
and Herbert of Argentan

3

From the camera regis, & £100 sterling=

4

400

1,7002

400

200

From John de Botell (Bouteilles ?) prepo

situs of Dieppe

200

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1. On the fouage, see Stapleton, I, xvi; Delisle, in Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Chartes, xiii, pp. 104-5. In 1207 King Philip exempted the citizens of Rouen from the payment of this tax, which was levied every three years and in origin corresponded to the English monetagium. See Giry, Etablissements de Rouen, ii, 63.

2. The roll says 1700 li. sterling, by mistake.

3. Separate payments from the camera regis began very early (Amer. Hist. Review, xiv, 464-5). Extraordinary payments went into this ducal treasury, which became very active in John's reign. Below, p. 350. 4. In 1180 he was castellan of Beaumont-le-Roger, then in the king's hands this subscription may have come from the revenues of this honour of the counts of Meulan. (Rot. Scacc., i, 97.)

:

5. i.e., from Drincourt (i, 116).

6. i.e., from the Lieuvin (i, 118, 120–121).

7. In 1198 he was farmer in the Côtentin.

8. i.e., from Nonancourt (i, 76, 117).

9. i.e., from the district between the Seine and the Risle (i, 100). 10. An Anselmus Parcarius appears on the roll for 1180 (i, 92), and Round, Calendar, no. 1282, but the abbreviation here is probably a slip for Portarius. Robert the Porter in Round, Calendar, no. 734.

Expenses, per breve regis:

£

S. d. Ang.

Works at Gisors: re-roofing the keep,
and expenses on the wall round the
motte, the kitchen, the ditch outside
the verge (virgultum), bridges, gates,
wooden house within the bailey, base
of the wall round the market
Works at Neauflé: on the keep and
buildings (domorum) and heightening
the wall and making the base (pes) 1
of the wall
Works at Neufchâteau-sur-Epte: height-
ening the walls round the motte,
building a little tower before the door
of the keep, and a wall to shut off the
bailey from the castle,2 repairing the
building and chapel of the castle
Works at Dangu: building a keep,
repairs on walls, bridge and gates
For 29 shields ad munitiones predictorum
castrorum (i.e., at 7s. each)

For bows and swords for the same
For two windows in the king's chamber
at Gisors

Carriage from Rouen to Gisors of 6 tuns

of Poitevin wine and 27 English cheeses Carriage of lead from Rouen to Gisors for the roof of the king's chamber and of the keep

1. Stapleton suggests 'string course' (I, cxxxvi).

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2. This illustrates an interesting development of the 'motte and bailey' type of castle. A comparison between the plans of Arques made by Deville and Viollet-le-Duc suggests that a similar wall was built there. Château Gaillard was built with an outer bailey in 1197.

For a bolt (sera) for the door of the keep
at Gisors
The balance towards the earl's salary of
£1,000 per annum pro custodia cas-
trorum de Gisorcio et Neelfa et Dangu
et Novo Castro super Ettam et Valle
Rodolii'

060

894 5 6

4270 0 1 1

Our next records deal with the measures taken by King Richard after his return from captivity. In the war of 1194-5 the Vexin was lost, Caux had been wasted 2 and much damage done in the Evrecin and at Rouen and Vaudreuil in the valleys of the Seine and lower Eure. The king seems to have been impressed by the strategic value of Vaudreuil, which, until the fortification of Andeli, was now the chief fortress on the frontier. 3 He also realised, as John afterwards did not, its relation to Pont de l'Arche, where an important bridge crossed the Seine at its junction with the Eure. Hence, although Richard paid attention to the other fortresses, and

1. The extra 1d. is obviously due to a slip in the enrollment of one of the two entries at the beginning, e.g., xxiijd. instead of xxijd.

2. Instead of 1100 li. the prepositi of Dieppe accounted for only 600 li. in 1195 pro guerra (Rot. Scacc., i, 235). Since Pentecost the port had been relieved of the payments from duties on hides, wool, and salt (ibid.).

3. It will be remembered that Arques and Drincourt, on the eastern frontier, were until the treaty of 1195-6 in Philip's hands, in virtue of the treaty of July, 1193. The payment of the garrisons, in accordance with the terms arranged in 1193, is accounted for on the roll (i, 137). See above p. 149.

4. Moulineaux, Orival, Moulins, Bonmoulins, Lions, Radepont, Osmanville, Gorron (i, 137, 222, 245); smiths and carpenters at Falaise (p. 270); engines of war, perreria et mangonella, refixed at Caen (p. 185).

especially to Verneuil,' his main care was the strengthening of Pont de l'Arche and Vaudreuil. The clerks or engineers in charge of the works were Master Euric and William Tirel.2 Another castle which, owing to the temporary loss of Arques and Drincourt, came into prominence during these years, was Bellencombre, a few miles to the west of Drincourt, on the river Varenne.3

All previous efforts, however, were cast into the shade by Richard's activity in 1197, when Château-Gaillard rose on the rock above Andeli with the unhurried speed and confidence of some magical creation. Like many great strategists, Richard preferred a bold, clean stroke in the open day to caution and intrigue. After the bickering and failure which followed the treaty of 1195-6, the king decided to clear the way by removing the archbishop of Rouen from Andeli altogether; if the manor were once part of his demesne, he could control the river at the critical point, and cover the lines of the Andelle and the lower Eure. Above all he would have the opportunity of building a castle whose construction would be all his own, an experiment in all the newest engineering devices, based upon the latest experience in war.

In every case the construction of a new castle involved the settlement of new claims and some social readjustment. For example, the opening of suitable quarries or worksheds might interfere with private rights of ownership; or, again, the service of the new chapel might lead to friction

1. "Ad operationes ville et murorum Vernolii dirutorum per regem Francie tempore guerre" (p. 233); "in operationibus murorum castri de Vernolio" (p. 239).

2. i, 156, 236-7; Master Elias was also employed (p. 137).

3. e.g., i, 137, 237.

4. Above p. 173.

5. There are instances of this in the Querimoniae Normannorum or inquests of St. Louis, e.g., at Bonneville-sur-Touque (Histor. de France, xxiv, nos. 24, 31).

with the patrons of neighbouring parishes.1 The story of such petty difficulties is very rarely preserved, and we know nothing of the revolution in the life of the old archiepiscopal manor which must have been produced by Richard's operations. A new bailiwick was created, and although the old town paid its farm directly into the exchequer, a handsome domain had been retained to serve the castle: it comprised meadows and vineyards, stretches of arable, woods, clearings and fishponds.2 Royal officials collected the dues from the shipping of the river. A new town was laid out by the river side to serve the needs of the elaborate system of defences which bound together rock and water. We can only imagine the local effects of the change. Fortunately, however, the exchequer roll for 1198 throws light on the building operations, and an inquiry of the thirteenth century survives to show King Richard at work on a similar task in Poitou.

When a young man of twenty-five years or so, Richard, as count of Poitou, had been impressed by the weakness of one spot on the road between Tours and Poitiers.

1. Compare a case which arose at Durtal in Anjou in the eleventh century. The neighbouring parishes claimed that part of the castle pertained ad jus suum. It was decided before the bishop and count : 'Ex antiquo esse consuetudinem in Andecavensi regione ut, si comes Andecavensis fecerit castellum in medio quarumlibet parrochiarum terre sue, ecclesia ipsius castelli tantum de circumjacentibus parrochiis obtineat quantum palus vel fossatum aut alia firmitas illius castelli in circuitu occupaverit' (Cart. de Saint-Aubin, quoted by Halphen, Bibl. de la Faculté des lettres, xiii, 33; also by Marchegay, Bibliothèque de l'école des Chartes, 1875, xxxvi, 395).

2. Rot. Scacc., ii, 449. Revenues for eleven months before Michaelmas, 1198.

3. Rot. Norm., 81. Writ to the constable of Chester and Henry of Rolleston: "sciatis quod quietavimus dilecto et fideli nostro W. de Braosa unam navem de mala tolta usque ad summam quinquaginta li. de tali moneta qualem capitis de mala tolta." The constable of Chester was castellan of the rock.

4. This, and Saint-Remy mentioned below are good instances of the creation of towns for the sake of the neighbouring castle.

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