...of voluntary presents from his gesith, was gradually reduced to a tax on certain stated occasions. 3 Of these sources of revenue, much of course remained...guilds. Enough has been said to show that Anglo-Saxon kingship differed essentially from modern royalty in any European state. Viewed as proprietorship,...

...of voluntary presents from his gesith, was gradually reduced to a tax on certain stated occasions.3 Of these sources of revenue, much of course remained...guilds. Enough has been said to show that Anglo-Saxon kingship differed essentially from modern royalty in any European state. Viewed as proprietorship,...

...share in the shape of commission fees, in order that they might not lose the fruits of their labour. "Out of the surplus the king maintained his court,...by personal service, or by contributions among the guilds."1 Below the king stood the caldorman or earl, who owned forty hides2 of land, and presided...

...unusual expense, which must probably have fallen on the King almost exclusively. Mr. Pearson says, " The church, the army, the fleet, the police, the poor-rates,...personal service, or by contributions among the guilds." But this statement can scarcely refer to so early a time as the ninth century ; and Alfred's own words,...

...share in the shape of commission fees, in order that they might not lose the fruits of their labour. " Out of the surplus the king maintained his court,...highways of the country were all local expenses, defrayed oy tithes, by personal service, or by contributions among the guilds."f Below the king stood the oaldorman...

...in the shape of fees for collection, in order that they might not lose the fruits of their labour. "Out of the surplus the king maintained his court,...personal service, or by contributions among the guilds." * Below the king stood the ealdorman or earl, who owned forty hides t of land, and presided over the...