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interments were noted. In four cases there was merely a layer of charred bones and black ashes, without any trace of pottery. Below one of these a bead necklace was found. At intervals beads have been secured in large numbers. In size they vary from the minute to half an inch in length. In shape some are round and others cylindrical. They consist of amber (this, the charm against witchcraft, greatly preponderating), glass (some coloured; others in triplets with gilt inside), crystal, jet (three), and coloured pastes. Speaking generally, the beads are inferior to many found in Yorkshire further south. This, as one factor, may indicate that the Angles round Saltburn were comparatively poor. The site of their settlement-unless the cemetery served a still wider area-may have been half a mile away at Tofts Farm. According to tradition this was the original seat of ancient Marske. Skelton, another likely centre, afterwards associated with the family of De Brus, and still later the abode of "Eugenius," that dearest friend of "Cousin Shandy," is barely two miles distant.

In the remaining interments noted in 1909, the burnt bones had been enclosed in dark-coloured urns. The latter, when uncovered, were always defective and more or less fragmentary. Often the lower part of the vessel was fairly intact, and the upper half shattered and imperfect. In two cases the pottery was finely ornamented with lines and impressed patterns. Unfortunately, it was impossible to make a connection from top to bottom so as to allow the profile to be determined. The reader will gather some idea of the ornamentation from the accompanying photographs of typical specimens (fig. 1). Below five of the urns bead necklaces were noted. The beads were similar to those already mentioned, except that in one case the necklace was entirely of amber.

At an early stage in the investigations on one of the "tips," mingled with the débris from near the burials, there was picked up a finely-flaked arrow-head of chert. This, after a while, was identified as American, and its presence there could not be easily accounted for. A feasible explanation was supplied by Canon Greenwell, who points out that more than once a sometime friend or relation of the farmer migrating to the States, has sent back as a curio an American arrow-head. This, after being a nine days' wonder, is cast aside, reaching first the dustbin, next the manure heap. It is then carted on the land and ploughed in, reappearing at a later stage, to the bewilder

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SPECIMENS FOUND IN THE ANGLIAN CEMETERY AT HOB HILL, NEAR SALTBURN.

ment of the plain man. A further alien survival, found just before reaching one of the urns, was the handle and sundry pieces of a glazed pot, identified as mediæval. Similar conjunctions are noted by others, particularly by T. Bateman and J. R. Mortimer, both of whom advance theories accounting for the fact. In this connection, it may not be entirely out of place to mention that there was at Saltburn in the Middle Ages a small religious house on the Hob Hill side of Holebeck. A deed, dated 1216, recites, "Meum heremitorium de Salteburne super ripam de holebec."

In 1910, up to the month of April, twenty-four interments were noted. It was found that the graves ran north to south, in two fairly parallel lines, the parallels being some six yards apart. In many cases the burial had a more or less imperfect urn associated with it, but in one instance there was merely a layer of burnt bones, and on ten occasions the burials were of unburnt bodies. Along a length of fifty yards the graves had been placed at varying distances, some at an interval of one yard, some two yards, some three, whilst others were still more widely separated. Between these last an intervening deposit or deposits may have disappeared through decay. The urns were much more numerous at the south end, and the unburnt burials at the north end of the lines.

On 2nd February, at a depth of three feet, the incomplete fragments of an ornamented urn were secured. Below this shattered vessel, in which there was no trace of burnt bones, were found the teeth of a young child. These crumbled on exposure. Except the teeth, the entire skeleton had decayed. With this interment were associated a necklace of beads, smaller but similar to those already mentioned, and the end of a bronze brooch. Two yards away, at the same depth of three feet, a complete and well-made bronze brooch-once gilt-perchance the property of one of the more wealthy members of the community-was uncovered. On each side of the square panel in the head there had been a band of silver. A good idea of the ornament in its original form will be gained from Plate XX, fig. 2, in Akerman's Pagan Saxondom. In the accompanying photograph of the brooch (fig. 2), attention is directed. to the crude representation of the human face, and also to the "animal" design characteristic of Anglo-Saxon art in the Pagan period. The work is probably early seventh century. The remains with which the ornament was associated had entirely

disappeared. On March 1st, the burial deposit of an uncremated adult was found. Here again only the teeth remained, the rest of the skeleton having gone to dust. In this grave were found seven beads (two amber), a much-decayed cruciform brooch of bronze, and a piece of hide. Two yards away the ground had been disturbed as if for burial, but nothing remained. The above cases were interesting in that they were unburnt burials, and also as being the first in which metal was found. The practice of inhumation, if not traceable to tribal custom, may indicate that the occupants of those graves were Christian or semi-Christian. Such interments, however, were intermixed with urn burials, and had with them the usual accompaniments.

On 19th March, at a depth of three feet, a layer of muchdiscoloured earth was noticed. Owing to the presence of a large piece of hide, it is probable that the body had been wrapped in such a covering and then buried. At the north end of the grave three beads were found-one of amber, one of blue glass, and the third, a very fine specimen of jet. Half way along the layer, which ran from north to south, there was a much-decayed bronze brooch of the annular type; a little further on an iron buckle with bronze attachment. There were also two fragments of pottery.

A day later, at the side of a shattered urn, a semi-circular piece of iron, perhaps part of a buckle, was found. At a later stage in March, as many as six unburnt burials were noted in one week. They had associated with them some hide, a bead necklace (crude amber and glass), a small accessory vessel, and two bronze annular brooches, which crumbled on exposure. On 30th March, among burnt bones, which had been enclosed in an ornamented urn, now shattered and defective, there was found one large well-made bead of amber. From the state of the perforation it was obvious that the bead had been worn as a single ornament. In this connection, Wright remarks: "Beads appear to have been worn round the neck by persons of both sexes, and it is possible that they were not only considered as personal ornaments, but that they were looked upon with a superstitious feeling as preservatives against danger, and especially against witchcraft. This was peculiarly the case. with amber, which, according to the belief of the Ancients, protected the person who wore it about him against the evil spirit. Hence we find continual instances of interments in which the deceased had merely one bead of amber attached to the

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