ness of kind purely individualistic motives and methods are made over or converted into socialized motives and methods.

1. The Conversion of Individualistic Motives. The pleasures of physical activity, of receptive sensation, and of simple ideation among the motives of appreciation, and mere need among the motives of utilization, are least susceptible of modification. The pleasures of emotion and of thought, the sense of power, rational desire, and the sense of proportion in life, are modifiable in a high degree. Intermediate in modifiability are such motives as appetite and desire.

Few, if any, of our appetites and desires are what they would have been if each individual had lived by himself, in contact only with the physical world and lower forms. of life. To a great extent we cultivate certain appetites and repress others, merely because our associates do so.

It is as factors of a growing consciousness of kind that new desires arise, to become motives of characterization, for example, the desires for esteem and for praise; and that new combinations of appetite and of sympathy develop into that powerful moral motive, the very names of which -kindness, affection, love-are significant of its origin. This motive manifests itself in a new mode of conduct, namely, self-sacrifice. Affection and self-sacrifice probably originate in a discharge of surplus energies — or in organic sympathy but they are greatly strengthened by the intellectual perception of resemblance.

2. The Conversion of Individualistic Methods. Of the methods of appreciation, of utilization, and of characterization, the least modifiable by the consciousness of kind are instinctive response to stimulus, and attack. Modifiable

in the highest degree are preferential attention, critical inspection, and self-control.

Direction is greatly modifiable because of the effect of the consciousness of kind upon impression. Impression itself produces two very different effects. One effect is fear, which may become terror and terminate in paralysis; the other effect is fascination and pleasure. The one mode of impression is the cause of submission, surrender, and an abject kind of obedience; the other mode of impression is the cause of loyalty, fealty, and the voluntary attachment to a leader.

The effect of the consciousness of kind upon the fearinspiring mode of impression is reflected in the saying, that familiarity breeds contempt. The sense of difference and its accompanying sense of mystery are a large element in fear. These disappear with the discovery of resemblance. Rulers and dignitaries who wish to inspire fear surround themselves with an air of mystery, and foster the public delusion that in some inexplicable way they are unlike other men. The effect of the consciousness of kind upon the fascination-producing mode of impression is to intensify devotion. The more "in touch" a leader is with his followers, that is to say, the more like them he is in every respect except his superior sagacity and power, -the more blind and unswerving is their allegiance.

Assimilation in Language: Greece

What language however the Pelasgians used to speak I am not able with certainty to say. But if one must pronounce judging by those that still remain of the Pelasgians who dwelt in the city of Creston above the Tyrsenians, and who were once neighbors of the race now

called Dorian, dwelling then in the land which is now called Thessaliotis, and also by those that remain of the Pelasgians who settled at Plakia and Skylake in the region of the Hellespont, who before that had been settlers with the Athenians, and of the natives of the various other towns which are really Pelasgian, though they have lost the name, if one must pronounce judging by these, the Pelasgians used to speak a Barbarian language. If therefore all the Pelasgian race was such as these, then the Attic race, being Pelasgian, at the same time when it changed and became Hellenic, unlearnt also its language. For the people of Creston do not speak the same language with any of those who dwell about them, nor yet do the people of Plakia, - but they speak the same language one as the other: and by this it is proved that they still keep unchanged the form of language which they brought with them when they migrated to these places. As for the Hellenic race, it has used ever the same language, as I clearly perceive, since it first took its rise; but since the time when it parted off feeble at first from the Pelasgian race, setting forth from a small beginning it has increased to that great number of races which we see, and chiefly because many Barbarian races have been added to it besides. Moreover it is true, as I think, of the Pelasgian race also, that so far as it remained Barbarian it never made any great increase.

HERODOTUS, History, translated by G. C. MACAULAY, Vol. I. 25-26.

French-Italian Cultural Assimilation

The fall of Florence in 1530, together with the building of the new royal château at Fontainebleau and the marriage of the second son of Francis I. with Catharine de' Medici, had led to a large influx of Italians, mostly Florentines, into France. On the accession of Catharine's husband, Henry II., to the throne, they began to make their influence felt alike in politics, society, literature, and art. The result was that the Renaissance in France entered upon a distinctly Italian phase of development, which lasted for

forty years, though after the first five-and-twenty of these a species of reaction ensued.

Cambridge Modern History, Vol. III. 53.

Celtic-Teutonic Assimilation

Both the Gaelic and Norse languages were almost certainly spoken in Man during this period. The masters would speak Norse among themselves; the law and all public transactions at the Tynwald and elsewhere would be in that tongue, while the servants or slaves, and probably many of the women, would usually speak Gaelic. It is clear, however, from the vast preponderance of Celtic place-names and surnames over Scandinavian that the women's tongue soon predominated, and that, when Scandinavian rule came to an end, the Norse language soon disappeared.

A. W. MOORE, History of the Isle of Man, Vol. I. 157.

Difficulties of Assimilation: The Channel Islands

The unsettled state of language in Jersey, must be admitted to be a great obstacle to the refinements of civilization. The use of a pure language as one universal medium of communication, offers to the moral and intellectual condition of a people, as great a facility for improvement, as railroads, and steam, offer to commerce. But this medium Jersey has not yet the advantage of. The universal language is still a barbarous dialect. French, though the language of the Court proceedings, and of the Legislature, is not in common use even among the upper ranks; nay, the use of it, is even looked upon as affectation; and although the English language be sufficiently comprehended for the purposes of intercourse; and is most usually spoken in the best mixed society; it is certainly not understood by many, in its purity. The constant use of a dialect necessarily induces a distaste for any other purer tongues. Their beauties are not, and cannot be appreciated; and thus, an effectual barrier is opposed to that refinement, which is the sure result of the knowledge and appreciation

of the productions which belong to every perfected language. This disadvantage, however, is gradually disappearing and with another generation will probably be no longer felt. Children are now universally taught English; and amongst the young, there is an evident preference of English. The constant intercourse of the tradespeople too, with the English residents; and the considerable sprinkling of English residents in Jersey society, have also their effect; and it is probable, that in twenty years more, English will be the language of the Legislature, the Judicature, and the people.

H. D. INGLIS, The Channel Islands (1834), Vol. I. 111-112.

Resistance to Assimilation: Dutch New York

Many of the old Dutch customs were still kept up. New England could boast of no such day as New Year's day. Boston and Philadelphia saw no such scenes as on every Christmas and every Easter day were enacted in New York. For, despite the boast that men speaking the tongue of every civilized people were to be found in the city, the Dutch element was still strong, and the language and religion of Holland were most prevalent. Half the signs on William Street were in Dutch. At the Hudson market, and along the slips of the Hudson river, a knowledge of Dutch was absolutely indispensable. Until twenty years before, no sermon in the English language had ever been preached in either of the three Dutch churches, and, even after the revolution, prayers were still made, and sermons still preached, at times, in the language of the Stuyvesants and Van Dams.

MCMASTER, The History of the People of the United States, Vol. I. 55.

The Process of Assimilation: Dutch-English Albany

Albany was a Dutch Colony; and, until within a few years, the inhabitants have been, almost without an exception, descendants from the original settlers. From this fact it has derived its whole aspect, and character. The