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of eternal summer, and no doubt an effort of imagination surpassing anything Homer had ever seen. As he has bestowed on the same happy prince a palace with brazen walls and columns of silver, he certainly intended that the garden should be proportionately magnificent. We are sure, therefore, that as late as Homer's time an enclosure of four acres, comprehending orchard, vineyard, and kitchen-garden, was a stretch of luxury the world at that time never beheld. Previous to this, however, we have in the sacred writings hints of a garden still more luxuriously furnished-we allude to the Song of Solomon, part of the scene of which is undoubtedly laid in a garden. Flowers and fruits are particularly spoken of as the ornament of and the produce of it, and besides these, aromatic plants formed a considerable portion of the pleasure it afforded. The camphor and the cinnamon-tree, with frankincense and all the chief spices, flourished there. Solomon tells us in another place that he made him great works, gardens and orchards, and planted in them trees of every kind. Indeed, we must Indeed, we must suppose his gardens to have been both amply and curiously furnished, seeing the kinds, nature, and properties of the vegetable tribes appear to have been a favourite study with the royal philosopher; for we are told that he wrote of plants, from the great cedar of Lebanon down to the hyssop of the wall. Fountains and streams of water, so requisite in a warm climate, appear to have had a share in Solomon's compositions, and were probably designed for ornament as well as use. The hanging gardens of Babylon were a still greater wonder; but as they are supposed to have been formed on terraces and the walls of the palaces of that great city, whither soil was conveyed for the purpose, we may here dismiss them by presuming that they were what sumptuous and expensive gardens have been in all ages until this present day-enriched by artistic works, statues, balustrades, summer-houses, and the like—and altogether unnatural, far from rural, though formed with judgment and taste, and well adapted to the situation and circumstances. Thus we find King Ahasuerus goes immediately from his banquet of wine to walk in the garden of the palace. The garden of Cyrus at Sardis, mentioned by Xenophon, was probably like

the hanging gardens at Babylon, not merely adjacent to the palace, but a part of the building itself, since several of the royal apartments were absolutely under the garden. It is not quite clear what the taste for gardening was among the Greeks. The Academus was, we know, a wooded, shady place; and the trees appear to have been of the olive species. It was situated beyond the limits of the walls, and adjacent to the tombs of the heroes; and though we are nowhere told the particular manner in which this grove or garden was laid out, it may be gathered from Pausanias that it was a pretty place, highly adapted by art, as well as by nature, to philosophic reflection and contemplation. We are told by Plutarch that, before the time of Cimon, the Academus was a rude and uncultivated spot; but that it was planted by that general, and had water conveyed to it. Whether this water was brought merely for use to refresh the trees, or for ornament, does not appear. The trees are said to have flourished well, until destroyed by Sylla when he besieged Athens. Among the Romans, a taste for gardening any otherwise than as a matter of utility seems not to have prevailed until a very late period. Cato, Varro, and Palladius, make no mention of a garden as an object of pleasure, but solely with respect to its production of herbs and fruits. The Lucullan gardens are the first we find mentioned of remarkable magnificence, though probably as these were so remarkable they were by no means the first. Plutarch speaks of them as incredibly expensive, and equal to the magnificence of kings. They contained artificial elevations of ground to a most surprising height, buildings projected into the sea, and vast pieces of water made upon land. It is not improbable from the above account, and from the fact of Lucullus having spent much time in Asia, where he had an opportunity of studying the most splendid constructions of this nature, that the gardens were laid out in the Asiatic style. He acquired the appellation of the Roman Xerxes. Perhaps his gardens bore some resemblance in their arrangement and style to the Babylonian gardens, and thus the epithet would be applicable to the taste, as well as to the size and cost of his works. The Tusculan villa of Cicero, though often

mentioned, is not anywhere described in his works so as to afford an adequate idea of the style in which his grounds and gardens were laid out. There is little to be traced in Virgil. Pines were probably a favourite ornament, and flowers, especially roses, were highly esteemed. The Poestan roses were chiefly valued for their excellent odour; perfumes, indeed, having been always highly valued in warm climates. There appears also to have prevailed among the Romans a piece of luxury which is equally prevalent with ourselves namely, the forcing of flowers at seasons of the year not suited for their natural bloom; and roses were then the principal flowers upon which we gather from Martial these experiments were made. Pliny tells us that the place of exercise which surrounded his Laurentine villa, used by him as a winter retreat, was bounded by a hedge of box, repaired, where necessary, by rosemary; that there was a vine-walk, and that most of the trees were fig and mulberry. Of his Tuscan villa, the garden forms a considerable part of the description. And in that description what beauty is most lauded? Why, exactly that which was the admiration of this England of ours about 150 years since -box-trees cut into various shapes, monsters, animals, letters, and the name of master and artificer. Thus we see that in an age when architecture displayed all its grandeur, all its purity, and all its taste-when arose Vespasian's amphitheatre, the temple of Peace, Trajan's forum, Domitian's baths, and Adrian's villa, the ruins and vestiges of which still excite our astonishment-a Roman consul, a polished emperor's friend, and a man of taste and literary attainments, delighted in what the English parvenu of today would scarcely deign to give a second glance at. All the circumstances of Pliny's summer garden correspond exactly with those formerly laid out on Dutch principles. He talks of slopes, terraces, a wilderness, shrubs methodically trimmed, a marble basin, pipes spouting water, a cascade falling into the basin, bay - trees alternately planted with planes, and a straight walk, from whence issued others, parted off by hedges of box, and apple-trees with busts and obelisks placed between them. There wants nothing but the fringe of a parterre to make a garden

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of the time of Trajan serve for a description of one in the reign of our third William. In the paintings found at Herculaneum and Pompeii are a few traces of gardens. They exhibit small, square enclosures, formed by trellis-work and espaliers, and are regularly ornamented with vases, flowers, and figures. Everything symmetrical and appropriate for the narrow spaces allotted to houses in large cities. When the custom of making square gardens enclosed with walls was established to the exclusion of nature and prospect, pomp and solitude combined to call for something that might enrich and enliven the insipid and unanimated enclosure. Fountains first invented for use which grandeur loves to disguise received embellishment from costly marbles, and at last to contradict utility tossed their waste of waters into the air in spouting columns. Art in the hands of uncultured man assisted Nature; but in the hands of ostentatious wealth it became the means of opposing Nature, and the more it succeeded the more the wealthy thought its power was demonstrated. Canals measured by the line were introduced into gardens in lieu of meandering streams, and terraces were raised aloft in opposition to the facile slopes that in Nature imperceptibly unite the valley to the plain. Balustrades defended these precipitate and dangerous elevations, and flights of steps rejoined them to the flat from which the terrace had been dug. Vases and sculptures were added to these unnecessary balconies, and statues furnished the lifeless spot with mimic representations of the excluded sons of man. Thus difficulty and expense were the constituent parts of the sumptuous and selfish solitudes termed gardens some centuries since. Every improvement that was then made was but a step further from Nature. The tricks of waterworks to wet the unwary, and parterres embroidered in patterns like a petticoat, were but the childish endeavours of fashion and novelty to reconcile greatness to what it had surfeited on. To crown these displays of false taste, the shears were applied to the lovely wildness of form with which Nature has distinguished each species of tree and shrub. The venerable oak, the romantic beech, the useful elm, even the aspiring circuit of the lime, the regular round of the

chestnut, were corrected by such fantastic admirers of symmetry. The compass and square were of more use in old plantations than spade and rake. The measured walk imposed an unsatisfying sameness on every royal and noble garden in England-marble seats, arbours, and summer-houses terminated every vista; and symmetry, even where the space was too large to permit its being remarked at one view, was so essential that the poet Pope observed:

Each alley has a brother,

And half the garden just reflects the other. By the way, there was a little of affected modesty in Pope's remark when he said that of all his works he was most proud of his garden. And yet it was a singular effort of art and taste to impress so much variety and scenery on that little spot of five acres at Twickenham. The passing through the gloom from the grotto to the opening day, the retiring and again assembling shades so beautifully described, the dusky groves, the larger lawn, and the solemnity of the termination at the cypresses that led to his mother's tomb, were managed with exquisite judgment; and though Lord Peterborough assisted him

To form his quincunx and to rank his vines, those were not the most pleasing portions of his little estate. The garden of the Palace of the Luxembourg in Paris must have possessed a certain charm of its own, the festooning of vines from point to point forming a distinctive feature; in all other respects-long, straight paths, and avenues dotted with nymphs and ogres-it conformed to other old gardens.

the great bustard, curlew, and thick-knee. Then came the Inclosure Act; then the divine turnip; and soon the wild wastes were turned into profitable sheep-farms, and for many years the "wool paid the rent." All this, however, could not be done without sad destruction to the numberless entrenchments which covered this part of Yorkshire. A few, indeed, have been preserved, where a plantation or a hedge has offered protection, but the greater number have succumbed to the plough, and can only be traced now by artful methods, which for the present we keep concealed from the gaze of the curious.

CARTOGRAPHY.

Burton. The first person apparently who called attention to a small, but important, portion of the entrenchments in question was John Burton, M.D., of York, a contemporary and friend of Francis Drake, F.R.S., the historian and antiquarian. This gentleman had long been exercised in his mind respecting the lost site of Delgovitia, a Roman station mentioned in the first itinerary of Antonine as on the road between York and Prætorium, and distant 13 Roman miles from Derventio, commonly supposed to be Stamford Bridge. In 1745 he heard that a disother remains had been made at Millington covery of Roman tessellated pavement and of Springs; whereupon, in company with his friend, Mr. Drake, he started off to investigate the matter. Mr. Drake had already Delgovitia, but so impressed was he with fixed upon Londesborough as the site of what he saw at Millington Springs, that he wrote as follows: "The Delgovitia of the Romans in this Country, so long sought after by Camden, and other Writers, as well as myself, is at length discovered so far, that there is no need of any more Conjecture

On the Entrenchments on the about it." Yorkshire Wolds.

BY THE REV. E. MAULE COLE, M.A., F.G.S.

HE beginning of the present century found the larger portion of the high wolds of East Yorkshire still unenclosed. Large tracts of open common, dotted here and there with furze, afforded herbage for cattle, and shelter for

Having settled this knotty point to their satisfaction, the two friends set to work to examine the entrenchments with which the hills in the neighbourhood are covered, and came to the amusing conclusion that the whole were Roman fortifications, intended to guard the station at Millington. Mr. Drake appears to have been deeply impressed with their appearance. Speaking of Garrowby Hill, he says: "On the Top of this Moun

tain, as I may well call it, begins a Series of such enormous Works for Fortification, as the like is not to be met with in the whole Island." And in another place: "On the Hills from Vale to Vale, some of which are from 60 to 90 Yards deep, and prodigious steep, are thrown up Works, as Ramparts, 12 Yards broad, and proportionally high, which join in right Angles with the Vallies, and serve as a Barrier everywhere."

Dr. Burton was at the expense of having the whole of them "measured and planned out," and it is remarkable with what extreme accuracy the survey was made, so that his map will be more and more valuable as time goes on, and destroys the vestiges of these prehistoric remains. For that they are prehistoric, and not Roman, is indisputable. General Roy, in his great work on Military Antiquities of the Romans in Britain, published in 1793, gives the dimensions of many Roman camps, but the largest of them contains little over 125 acres, whereas Dr. Burton, writing of the entrenchments at Garrowby, Huggate, etc., says: "All these Works inclose 4,185 Acres of Ground; whence it is evident here must have been a large Army." Large indeed! He goes on to say in the next sentence: "You see in several Places where their Tumuli or Barrows were, represented by little green Hills." Unfortunately for his theory, these barrows have all been opened since, and found, in every instance, to contain the remains of persons who used flint weapons only, and who were even unacquainted with the use of bronze.

On the whole, Dr. Burton's map, as a map, is most valuable, but his conclusions are utterly erroneous.

Knox.-The next to draw attention to the entrenchments on the wolds was Mr. Robert Knox, of Scarborough. This enthusiastic antiquarian, having been marine surveyor in the East India Company's service, determined to make, in his leisure time, a trigonometrical survey of all the country within 25 miles' radius of Scarborough, and to map down all the ground antiquities. This he accomplished after careful and accurate observation, and published his large map "The Vicinity of Scarborough" in the year 1820. The following year, 1821, he published a reduced map, which was repub

lished in his work, Eastern Yorkshire, 1855. This map embraces both sides of the Great Wold Valley, and traces with great precision the course of all the entrenchments between Flamborough on the east, and Sledmere and Settrington on the west, as then existing. Unfortunately, the author seems to have had peculiar notions about Roman roads. He gives sections of several British entrenchments, consisting of two or three ramparts, 6 feet to 8 feet high, with corresponding ditches, and calls them all Roman roads, e.g., the Argam Dikes, from Rudston to Reighton; the great triple entrenchment from Sledmere to Octon; three entrenchments from Foxholes and High Fordon to Ganton Brow; the Several Dikes from Linton to Sherburn Wold, etc. Of these he writes: "Highly raised Roman roads cross our Wold Hills for many miles in various places;" and again: "The existing roads of the ancient Britons, being only foss-ways, were ill-suited for the superior tactics and mode of warfare practised by the Romans through a country here shagged with heath, and there bristled with furze, brushwood, and thorns; they, therefore, to overlook such hindrances, mostly threw up highly elevated roads on which they might also march in array on vantage ground, and which were both ramparts and roads." As a matter of fact, there are no "highly raised" roads on the wolds at all, though the roads at Garrowby Street and Settrington High Street are slightly raised, and the ramparts to which Captain Knox refers, in the quotations given above, were in all probability the work of ancient British tribes, and not of the Romans.

As in the preceding case, the great value of Captain Knox's map consists in the accurate delineation of entrenchments, many of which have since been utterly destroyed.

Walker.-In 1836 Mr. John Walker, of Malton, published a map, with the somewhat eccentric title: "SKETCH of the ANCIENT MILITARY REMAINS on the WESTERN PROMONTORY of the CHILTERN or CHALK RIDGE of the YORKSHIRE WOLDS, or DEIRA, near Birdsall (olim Britesheale), and Settrington (olim Sendriton). Also of the BRIGANTIAN or ROMAN ROADS diverging from MALTON (olim Camulodunum)."

In this map, which reflects much credit on

the author, the entrenchments at Aldro, Birdsall Brow, and Settrington Wold are delineated, and objects of antiquarian interest, over a wide district round Malton, carefully noted. No distinction is drawn between Brigantian and Roman roads, and we are invited to infer that the Romans simply used and improved such tracks as they found ready to hand. On a hard chalk subsoil this was possibly the case.

According to Mr. Walker, Filey Bay is the Sinus Salutaris of Ptolemy. Flamborough Head represents Ocelum Promontorium, whilst Patrington is the site of the lost Prætorium.

The plan of Aldro, which at first sight seems puzzling, from omitting some entrenchments which can still be easily traced, is really important as containing others which have since been destroyed, and of which no record would otherwise have been preserved. We cannot say quite so much of the plan of the entrenchments on Settrington Wold. There is certainly some confusion here, and that Mr. Walker's researches were challenged is evident from the publication of a rival map by the next author.

Todd.-In 1844 the then rector of Settrington, Archdeacon Todd, F.A.S., published a map entitled "Military Remains on Settrington Wold, copied from an old sketch," in which the entrenchments on either side of the High Street are very accurately laid down, more so, indeed, than in Mr. Walker's map, which was dedicated to the said rector. In fact, we can here recognise a generous rivalry between two gentlemen of kindred tastes, and picture disputation in which the rector appears to have the best of it.

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Newton. In 1846, Mr. (now Sir Charles) Newton published a map of British and Roman Yorkshire, in which he closely followed Captain Knox as regards the portion round Scarborough. In this map the sites of British and Roman remains are clearly indicated, but the entrenchments on the wolds are not shown, except so far as some of them may be supposed to coincide with Roman roads.

It must be borne in mind (1) that no investigation into the date and use of the entrenchments can be even approximately

complete without taking into consideration the course of known ancient roads, and the principal points at which they aimed, because various writers have confused the entrenchments of the British with the roads of the Romans; and (2) that the direction of the Roman road from York to the east coast, mentioned in the first iter of Antonine, has never yet been clearly established, so that the stations mentioned on it, Derventio, Delgovitia, and Prætorium, are still a matter of conjecture, though undoubtedly in the East Riding.

Wright, Phillips.-In 1852, Wright in his Celt, Roman, and Saxon, and Phillips in his Yorkshire, published maps, both giving alternative routes for the above-mentioned lost Roman road, one following a line of entrenchments from Garrowby Hill to Flamborough, or Speeton; the other pointing to Brough on the Humber, following the western margin of the wolds. Phillips gives also a sketch of the entrenchments at Aldro, 66 'Earthworks near Acklam," which is both defective and erroneous, and shows that he could have made but little personal investigation of the district.

So far we have seen that the four earlier cartographers, Burton, Knox, Walker and Todd, dealt specifically with the entrenchments on the wolds in certain limited areas, whilst the maps of the three later, Newton, Wright and Phillips, gave the whole county, and were chiefly concerned with the direction of the Roman roads.

Ordnance Survey. Then followed the Ordnance Survey (the maps of this district being published in 1854), one of the most important works ever carried out, which recorded the position of such entrenchments only and tumuli as were obvious to the eye. For it was no part of the duty of the officers to attempt to restore what had been obliterated by the plough, though in lapse of time many such obliterations had taken place. For instance, the writer knows of the existence of over thirty tumuli in a small area where the Ordnance Survey only mapped three. So there was plenty of work left for what may be called private enterprise, and for the next thirty years the work of investigation was being silently, though surely, carried on. During the greater part of this

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