against the Romans was Bunduica, who was deemed worthy to command them, and who led them in every battle; a Briton of royal race, and breathing more than female spirit. Having collected, therefore, an army to the number of about 120,000, she, after the Roman custom, ascended a tribunal made of marshy earth. She was of the largest size, most terrible of aspect, most savage of countenance, and harsh of voice: having a profusion of yellow hair which fell down to her hips, and wearing a large golden collar; she had on a particoloured floating vest drawn close about her bosom, and over this she wore a thick mantle connected by a clasp. Such was her usual dress; but at this time she also bore a spear, that thus she might appear more formidable to all, and she spake after this manner,” &c. The speech, beside being imaginary, is too long for quotation. “Having thus harangued, Bunduica led her army against the Romans, who were at that time without a chief, because Paulinus, then commander, was warring against Mona."

Verulamium, Camulodunum, and other Roman posts, captured, and a great slaughter made of the Romans and their allies.

Suetonius reduces Mona (Anglesey) ", but is recalled by the news of the revolt.

Londinium (London), already, according to Tacitus, "famed for the vast conflux of traders, and her abundant commerce and plenty," destroyed by the Britons. Petilius Cerealis and the Ninth Legion routed. Catus Decianus escapes to Gaul.

The Britons are defeated with terrible slaughter near Londinium by Suetonius.

Boudicea dies ", and the Britons abandon the contest.

m See p. 7.

n She commited suicide according to Tacitus; but according to Dio Cassius she died a natural death, and was interred with great funereal splendour.

A.D. 62. Suetonius recalled, and succeeded by Petro

nius Turpilianus.

A.D. 65. Trebellius Maximus is proprætor in Britain.

Apocryphal date of St. Peter's visit to Britain o.

A.D. 67. Aristobulus, one of the seventy disciples, said to have died in Britain P.

A.D. 68. Nero put to death, June 9. He is succeeded by Galba.

A.D. 69. Galba is killed, January 16. Otho succeeds, and Vitellius also is chosen emperor; great dissension among the Roman legions in Britain in consequence.

Venusius again heads the Britons.

Trebellius Maximus, the Roman lieutenant, abandons his post.

Vettius Bolanus sent as lieutenant to Britain by Vitellius.

Agricola succeeds to the military command.

Vespasian becomes emperor.

A.D. 70. Petilius Cerealis, lieutenant in Britain; Agricola serves under him, and the Fourteenth Legion is designated the "Conquerors of Britain."

A.D. 75. Julius Frontinus, proprætor in Britain.

A.D. 78. AGRICOLA appointed to the command. In his first campaign he conquers Mona.

A.D. 79. Vespasian dies, June 24. He is succeeded by Titus.

Agricola's second campaign. He overruns the whole country, and induces many of the chiefs to give hostages and to allow their sons to receive a Roman education.

“To the end,” says Tacitus, “that these people, thus wild and dispersed over the country, and thence easily instigated to war, might by a taste of pleasures be reconciled to inactivity and repose, he first privately exhorted them, then publicly assisted them, to build temples,

houses, and places of assembling. Upon such as were willing and assiduous in these pursuits he heaped commendations, and reproofs upon the lifeless and slow; so that a competition for this distinction and honour had all the force of necessity. He was already taking

care to have the sons of their chiefs taught the liberal sciences, preferring the natural capacity of the Britons to the studied acquirements of the Gauls; and such was his success, that they who had lately scorned to learn the Roman language, were become fond of acquiring the Roman eloquence. Thus they began to honour our apparel, and the use of the Roman gown grew frequent among them. By degrees they proceeded to the incitements and charms of vice and dissoluteness, to magnificent galleries, sumptuous baths, and all the stimulations and elegance of banqueting. Nay, all this innovation was by the inexperienced styled politeness and humanity, when it was indeed part of their bondage." A.D. 80. Agricola's third campaign, in which he advances as far as Tava (the Frith of Tay).

A.D. 81. Agricola's fourth campaign. He builds a chain of forts between Clota and Bodotria (the Friths of Clyde and Forth).

Titus dies, September 13, and is succeeded by Domitian.

A.D. 82. Agricola's fifth campaign, in which he visits the north-western coast of Britain: a fugitive chief from Ierne (Ireland) is received by him.

66

Agricola," says Tacitus, "placed forces in that part of Britain which fronts Ireland, more from future views than from any present fear. In truth, Ireland, as it lies just between Britain and Spain, and is capable of an easy communication with the coast of Gaul, would have proved of infinite use in linking together these limbs of the empire. In size it is inferior to Britain, but surpasses the islands in our sea. In soil and cli

mate, as also in the temper and manners of the natives, it varies little from Britain. Its ports and landings are better known, through the frequency of commerce and merchants."

A.D. 83. Agricola's sixth campaign, beyond the Frith of Forth.

The Caledonians attack the Romans, but are defeated.

A cohort of Germans, attempting to desert, sail round the extremity of the island, are wrecked, and sold into slavery.

A.D. 84. Agricola's seventh campaign, in which he defeats the Caledonians under Galgacus.

The Horesti obliged to give hostages.

Agricola sails round Britain, and discovers the Orcades, according to Tacitus.

A triumph is decreed to Agricola, who resigns his command.

A.D. 85. Sallustius Lucullus, proprætor in Britain, killed by order of Domitian.

A.D. 86. Arviragus heads a revolt against the Romans. A.D. 96. Domitian is killed, September 18. Nerva succeeds.

A.D. 98. Nerva dies, January 21. He is succeeded by Trajan.

A.D. 106. Neratius Marcellus præfect in Britain.

A.D. 117. Trajan dies about August 10. Hadrian suc

ceeds.

The Britons endeavour to throw off the Roman yoke. A.D. 120. Hadrian visits Britain.

A.D. 121. Hadrian builds a wall from Tinna to Ituna (the Tyne and Solway Frith), to separate the Roman province from the unsubdued tribes1; now known as the Picts' Wall.

A.D. 124. Aulus Platorius Nepos, proprætor.

A tribe on the north of the Frith of Tay.

r See p. 10.

A.D. 130. Mænius Agrippa, præfect of the fleet on the British shore.

A.D. 133. Licinius Italicus, proprætor.

A.D. 138. Hadrian dies, July 10. He is succeeded by Antoninus.

The Brigantes despoiled of great part of their land. A.D. 139. Lollius Urbicus, proprætor, constructs a rampart between the Forth and Clyde, on the site of the forts of Agricola ; now known as Graham's Dyke".

A.D. 140. Valerius Pansa, proconsul; Seius Saturninus, præfect of the fleet.

A.D. 161. Antoninus dies, March 7. He is succeeded by Marcus Aurelius, who takes for his colleague Lucius Verus. A.D. 162. Calphurnius Agricola, in consequence of a threatened revolt is sent to Britain as lieutenant.

A.D. 169. Lucius Verus dies, about the end of the year. A.D. 178. (circa). Lucius, king of the Britons, sends an embassy to Pope Eleutherus on religious affairs.

A.D. 180. Marcus Aurelius dies, March 17; is succeeded by Commodus.

A.D. 181. The northern Britons pass the rampart, and kill a Roman general. They are defeated by Ulpius Marcellus, sent by Commodus against them.

A.D. 183. Ulpius Marcellus concludes the war.

A.D. 184. Commodus takes in consequence the title of Britannicus.

A.D. 185. The troops in Britain rise in mutiny, and Perennis, prætorian præfect, is slain, as the enemy of the soldiers.

Also called the Wall of Antoninus, in honour of the reigning emperor. This title is given him by Nennius, who also informs us that his native name was Lever-maur (Great Light). Nennius ascribes the transaction to the year 164, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to 167. Archbishop Ussher has collected from various sources no fewer than twenty-three different dates, ranging from 137 to 199, to which it has been referred; that given in the text is the one esteemed the most probable, but some writers consider the whole apocryphal. Lucius is traditionally said to have founded several bishops' sees, as at London and Llandaff. A brass plate in the church of St. Peter, Cornhill, London, professes to point out his place of sepulture.