A council at London in September. Anselm opposes the attempt of the king to compel bishops to receive investiture from him. Reynelm, who had been appointed by the king bishop of Hereford, resigns the see, and William Giffard, bishop of Winchester, is banished. Anselm also leaves England.

A.D. 1104. Robert of Belesme being received by Robert in Normandy, a war ensues.

William, count of Mortain, is stripped of his lands, and flees to Normandy.

A.D. 1105. Henry passes over to Normandy, landing at Barfleur early in April; "and almost all the castles and the chief men in that land were subdued."

Robert of Belesme comes to England to re-obtain his lands, but is unsuccessful.

A body of Flemings settled in Pembrokeshire by the king.

A.D. 1106. Robert of Normandy comes to Henry at Northampton, in Lent; "and because the king would not give him back that which he had taken from him in Normandy, they parted in hostility, and the earl soon went over sea again."

A council held at London, Aug. 1, in which it is agreed that bishops shall do homage to the king, but not receive investiture from him. In consequence, the bishops of Winchester, Salisbury, and Hereford, who had before received their sees, and new bishops of Exeter and Llandaff, are consecrated by Archbishop Anselm, August II.

Henry passes into Normandy, and gains the battle of Tinchebrai, Sept. 28, where Robert, Edgar Atheling,

his expedition in 1098. The Irish are said to have received assistance against him from the Normans settled on the Welsh coast; and a design to invade England being attributed to him, Henry seized a large sum of money belonging to him, which he found in the hands of an Anglo-Danish merchant of Lincoln.

the count of Mortain, and others, are taken prisoners, and subdues the whole country.

A.D. 1107. "This year died the king Edgar of Scotland, on the ides of January, [Jan. 8,] and Alexander his brother succeeded to the kingdom, as the king Henry granted him."

Ranulph, bishop of Durham, is allowed to return to his see1.

Cardigan conquered by Gilbert de Clare'.

Jorwerth, being considered an English partisan', is killed by his own son and nephew.

A.D. 1108. The see of Ely founded. Its first bishop was Hervey, who had been driven from his see of Bangor by the Welsh.

Philip I. of France dies, July 29; he is succeeded by his son, Louis le Gros.

A.D. 1109. Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, dies, April 21.

Henry's daughter, Maud, is betrothed to the emperor (Henry V.")

A.D. 1110. Philip Braiose, William Mallet, and others, deprived of their lands.

A.D. 1111. Henry passes over into Normandy, on account of troubles caused by Fulk of Anjou seizing on the county of Maine ".

Griffin, the son of Rhys ap Tudor, returns from Ireland, where he had found an asylum on the death of his father o. He captures Caermarthen from the

h The count of Mortain, after a long imprisonment, was allowed to become a monk. His county was given to the king's nephew, Stephen of Blois. i He made his peace by surrendering Lisieux, of which he was governor for Robert.

He also overran West Wales, and received the title of earl of Pembroke; his grandson Richard was the successful invader of Ireland in the time of Henry II.

I See A.D. 1102.

m Owing to her youth, she was not married to him till Jan. 7, 1114. It was his inheritance, of which his father-in-law Elias had been deprived by William Rufus.

See A.D. 1090.

Normans, but is also opposed by Griffin ap Conan and Owen ap Caradoc.

Owen is treacherously slain by the Normans”.

A.D. 1112. Henry passes the whole year in Normandy; he restores the lands of Philip of Braiose, but drives out the earl of Evreux, William Crispin, and others, and seizes Robert of Belesme.

A.D. 1113. Henry makes an inroad in Wales, in April, and forces some of the chiefs to promise submission ; he also allows the Marchers to build fresh castles.

Henry passes over to Normandy in September.

A.D. 1114. Thurstan, elected archbishop of York, Aug. r5, refuses to receive consecration from the archbishop of Canterbury'.

A.D. 1115. The Normans do homage and promise fealty to William, the son of Henry.

A.D. 1116. Henry assists his nephew, Theobald of Blois, against the king of France; in consequence, there were many conspiracies and robberies, and castles taken in France and in Normandy."

The whole monastery of Peterborough burnt, Aug. 3. A.D. 1117. Henry passes into Normandy, and remains there for three years on account of the war with the king of France and the counts of Anjou and Flanders. "By this war was the king a great loser both in land and money. And his own men grieved him most, who

P Owen, who had long been connected with the Normans, had some time before carried off Nesta, the wife of Stephen of Windsor, governor of Pembroke; he was now killed by him, while employed in concert against Griffin, although, by the king's command, they had been formally reconciled.

4 Robert, after escaping from Tinchebrai, had entered the service of the King of France. Louis sent him on an embassy to Henry, who, however, refused to receive him as such, and had him tried on a charge of embezzling the royal revenue in former years when he held the earldom of Shrewsbury. Being found guilty, he was sentenced to perpetual imprisonment, and at last he died of voluntary starvation in the castle of Wareham, A.D. 1118. He was eventually consecrated by the pope, Oct. 19, 1119.

Brother of Stephen, afterwards king, and of Henry, bishop of Winchester.

Roger, bishop of Salisbury, governed in his absence.

often turned from him and betrayed him; and going over to his foes, surrendered to them their castles."

A.D. 1118. Death of Queen Maud at Westminster ", May I.

Henry is defeated before Alençon by the count of Anjou, Dec.

The order of Knights Templars founded; their standard called Beauseant, "Per fess, sable and argent;" and their badge "A cross patriarchal, gules, fimbriated, or."

A.D. 1119. The count of Flanders (Baldwin VII.) dies of wounds received at Arques, in Normandy, June 17.

Henry's son William marries Matilda, daughter of FULK, count of ANJOU, in June, and does homage to the king of France for Normandy.

Henry defeats the king of France at Brenville, Aug. 20.

Pope Calixtus endeavours to prevail on Henry to set at liberty his brother Robert, as a pilgrim and soldier of the Holy Sepulchre, but without effect.

A.D. 1120. David is appointed bishop of Bangor by Griffin, prince of North Wales, after the see had been vacant eleven years; he is consecrated by the archbishop of Canterbury, April 4.

Peace is made with the king of France, and Henry returns to England.

His son William, and two of the king's illegitimate children, with many young nobles, perish by shipwreck, Nov. 25.

A.D. 1121. Henry marries Adelais of Louvain, Feb. 2.

u She had long quitted her husband's profligate court, and resided in the monastery, occupied with works of charity and devotion, personally tending the sick, and practising great austerities; her chief delight was in church music, the professors of which she liberally patronized.

The townsmen had called in the count to protect them from the tyranny of their governor, Stephen of Blois. The royal garrison were besieged in the citadel, and in attempting to relieve them Henry met with a severe defeat.

Henry marches against the Welsh ; "and after the king's will they agreed with him.”

The hospitallers of Jerusalem become a military body, called the knights of St. John; their standard is 66 Gules, a cross argent," their badge a white cross of peculiar form.

A.D. 1122. Henry goes to Normandy, and reduces several rebellious barons.

A.D. 1123. Robert Bloet, bishop of Lincoln, dies suddenly, while hunting with the king, Jan. 10.

The count of Anjou demands the dower of his daughter, the widow of William, which the king refuses.

Several barons in Normandy take arms in favour of William, the son of Robert. The king passes over in June, and strengthens many castles.

A.D. 1124. Henry remains in Normandy, contending with the king of France and the count of Anjou, "but most of all with his own men."

Alexander of Scotland dies, April 27, and is succeeded by his brother David, who is also earl of Huntingdon in England'.

"Full heavy year was this: the man that had property was bereaved of it by violence, the man that had not was starved "."

A.D. 1125. Severe punishment inflicted on the moneyers for issuing base coin, "so that a man that had a pound could not lay out a penny at a market "."

Henry the emperor (husband of Maud) dies, May 22.

y The earl on this gave her younger sister, Sibylla, in marriage to William, the son of Robert of Normandy, and supported him with all his power for a while. At length he deserted him, to form a new alliance between his son and Henry's daughter, when William divorced his wife, and married the sister of the queen of France, which procured him the aid of Louis.

He obtained the earldom by marriage with Maud, widow of Simon de St. Liz, and daughter of Waltheof. He transmitted it to his son Henry, but on the death of that prince it came to Simon, the son of the former earl.

Statements in substance the same occur in almost every year of this and the following reign.

b They were summoned to Winchester at Christmas, and there mutilated.