a

stout; his countenance destitute of ex- HEATER SHIELD. (See Shield.) pression, and his eyes staring and heavy; HECTOGRAMME. (See Gramme.) his hands delicately formed, and his feet HELSINGOER. (See Elsinore.) did not appear to have been subjected HELVIG, Amalia von, died in 1832. to the usual pressure of shoes. His dress HEMICRANIA. (See Megrim.) was chiefly old and coarse, but his jacket HEMISPHERES OF MAGDEBURG. (See had the appearance of a frock coat, with Guericke.) the skirts cut off, and his pantaloons were Hen. (See Cock.) of a finer quality than those worn by HERTOGENBOSCH. (See Bois-le-Duc.) peasants. The anatomy of his legs, as HESPERIA. (See Italy.) appeared by a subsequent examination, HigUMENI. (See Abbots.) presented some singular deviations from Hinnom. (See Tophet.) the common formation. At Nuremberg, Hoar Frost. (See Freezing.) he was treated with kindness, and was Hobart, John Henry, doctor of divingradually taught the use of language. ity, late bishop of the Protestant EpiscoJuly 11, he was visited by Von Feuer- pal church in the state of New York, was bach (q. v.), from whose pamphlet Kas- born at Philadelphia, on the fourteenth par Hauser, Beispiel eines Verbrechens of September, 1775. After receiving an am Seelenleben des Menschen (of which a elemeršary education in that city, at the translation has been published in Boston, Episcopal academy, and in the college, 1832), we have extracted the contents of he entered the university of Princeton, this article. Hauser was not then able to at the age of fifteen, where he graduated give an intelligible account of himself; but in 1793, with the first honors of his class, he was soon after removed to the house and, for several years, discharged the of a school-master in the place, where duties of a tutor. `In 1798, he was adhe gradually acquired the knowledge of mitted to holy orders in Philadelphia, by things and of language. In the summer bishop White, who had previously diof 1829, he was able to give, in writing, rected his theological studies. He then his recollections of events previous to his entered upon his ecclesiastical duties, and “coming into the world at Nuremberg," as officiated successively at Oxford and he expressed himself

. It had already been Lower Dublin, in the county of Philadelmentioned that he was preparing such an phia ; at New Brunswick, New Jersey ; account, when, in the month of October, and at Hampstead, Long Island. In he was found lying in the cellar, covered 1800, he was appointed assistant minister with blood, and with a gash on his head, of Trinity church, in the city of New which, when he had recovered from the York, and, in 1811, he was consecrated effect of the wound, he said had been in- bishop of the New York diocese. The flicted by a black man; but no clew to this duties of this office he continued to disaffair has yet been discovered. The ac- charge, with unremitting zeal, until the count of himself above alluded to, as given period of his death, which occurred on by Feuerbach, is, that he had always been the twelfth of September, 1830, at Auburn, confined in a dark hole, in which he had Cayuga county, New York, in the fiftyalways sat upright, and had never seen fifth year of his age. Bishop Hobart was any person or thing, nor heard any sound; a man of an energetic spirit, and great but when he awoke from sleep, he used activity, and an able and learned divine. to find a loaf of bread and a pitcher of The Episcopal church is indebted to him water by him. The man who came to for various compilations—the Companion him had, however, not long before re- for the Altar; Companion for the Festimoving him, placed some paper before vals and Fasts of the Protestant Episcohim, put a pencil in his hand, and pal Church; the Clergyman's Companion; taught him to make certain charac- Companion for the Book of Common ters, which he afterwards amused him- Prayer; Collection of Essays on Episcoself with copying, without attaching any pacy; the Christian's Manual of Faith signification to them. Finally, the man and Devotion. His original works are had carried him out of his prison; but he the Apology for Apostolic Order, and appeared to have little acquaintance with two volumes of sermons, besides numeany thing that happened after that event, rous sermons and tracts published in a till he was left in Nuremberg. Such is separate form. Much of his time, during the singular story related concerning five years, was spent in editing and greatKaspar Hauser, of which the reader will ly enlarging D'Oyly and Mant's Comfind further details in the work already mentary on the Scriptures. The two mentioned.

volumes of sermons were published in

London, when he was on a visit to that
city; and there, also, was first published
a sermon which he preached to the con-
gregation of English Protestants, in Rome,
on Easter Sunday, the third of April,
1825, on occasion of a collection for the
benefit of the Vaudois, or Waldenses, in
Piedmont. The opinions of bishop Ho-
bart, both as to doctrine and discipline,
were positive and high-toned; but he
won, from a very numerous and wide
acquaintance, a degree of personal regard
and honor which few prelates of his age
had acquired.

HOGNOSE SERPENT. (See Serpents.)
HOLIDAYS. (See Festivals.)
HOLOFERNES. (See Judith.)
HOLY THURSDAY. (See Ascension-

Day.)

HONEYSTONE. (See Mellite.)

nailing metal shoes upon the feet of horses. According to Beckmann, the Greek word vaia, which, he is convinced, signifies horse-shoes, such as are used at present, occurs for the first time in the ninth century, in the works of the emperor Leo; and this antiquity of horseshoes, he adds, is in some measure confirmed by their being mentioned in the writings of Italian, English and French writers of the same century. The word occurs, in the tenth century, in the Tactica of the emperor Constantine, where he says, that a certain number of pounds of iron should be given out from the inperial stores to make selenaia, and other horse furniture. Eustathius, who wrote in the twelfth century, uses the same term in the same sense as that in which it is here interpreted. "When one con

HOODED SNAKE. (See Cobra da Ca- siders," says Beckmann, “that the

pello.)

HOOKAH. (See Pipe, Smoking.) HOPE, Thomas, died in 1831. Just before his death appeared his Essays on the Prospects of Man (1831, 3 vols., 8vo.). HORN MUSIC, RUSSIAN. (See Russian Hunting Music.)

HORSE-RACING. (See Races.)

HORSE-SHOES. The practice of affixing plates or pieces of metal to the feet of horses, which constitutes so much of the blacksmith's business, is generally allowed to be of great antiquity; though at what period it was first introduced appears by no means certain. Ancient classic writers frequently mention the defences of horses' feet, in terms similar to those used when they speak of shoes in general: they likewise mention them as being of metal. We are told by Suetonius that Nero, when he took short journeys, was always drawn by mules which had silver shoes; and those of his wife Poppæa, according to Pliny, had shoes of gold. There is nothing, however, deducible from the Roman writers, which can fairly authorize the belief, that in the former case any thing more is meant than mere chirurgical bandages, or socks of some kind; nor in the latter, that the shoes of precious metal were any thing else than thin slips, attached over the hoof by way of ornament, and removable at pleasure: at all events, there is no ground to suppose that they were connected with soles permanently fastened with nails to the corneous substance of the foot, according to the method of modern times. The figures on ancient monuments afford still feebler evidence of the very early origin which some authors have claimed for the art of

or envaca, belonged to horse furniture; that they were made of iron; that, as Eustathius says, they were placed under the hoofs of the horses; that the word seems to show its derivation from the moon-like form of shoes, such as those used at present; and, lastly, that nails were necessary to these selenaia,-I think we may venture to conclude, without any fear of erring, that this word was employed to signify horse-shoes of the same kind as ours; and that they were known, if not earlier, at least in the ninth century." The same author mentions that, when the marquis of Tuscany, one of the richest princes of his time, went to meet Beatrix, his bride, mother of the wellknown Matilda, about the year 1038, his whole train were so magnificently decorated, that his horses were shod not with iron, but with silver. The nails even were of the same metal; and when any of them dropped out, they belonged to those who found them. The marquis appears to have imitated Nero: but this account, which is in verse, may be only a fiction. It is well known, however, that an ambassador to the court of France indulged in a similar folly, to attract admiration for his opulence and generosity; having had his horse shod with silver shoes so slightly attached, that, by purposely curvetting the animal, they were shaken off, and allowed to be picked up by the populace! The following passage on this subject is likewise from Beckmann: "Daniel, the historian, seems to give us to understand that, in the ninth century, horses were not shod always, but only in the time of frost, and on other particular occasions. The practice of

66

an

shoeing appears to have been introduced tirely spoiled and worn out. In the Latin into England by William the Conqueror. translation of Appian, it is added, that We are informed that this sovereign gave this was occasioned by the horses not the city of Northampton, as a fief, to a having shoes; but there are no such certain person, in consideration of his words in the original, which seems rather paying a stated sum yearly for the shoeing to afford a strong proof that in the army of horses; and it is believed that Henry of Mithridates there was nothing of the de Ferrers, who came over with William, kind. The case seems to have been the and whose descendants bear in their arms same in the army of Alexander; for we six horse-shoes, received that surname are told by Diodorus Siculus, that with because he was intrusted with the inspec- uninterrupted marching the hoofs of the tion of the farriers ;"—ferrière (from fer- horses were totally broken and destroyed. rum, iron) signifying, in French, a bag of An instance of a like kind is to be found instruments used in the shoeing of horses. in Cinnamus, where the cavalry were That the practice of shoeing horses in obliged to be left behind, as they had sufEngland may have become more common fered considerably in the hoofs ; after the conquest may easily be conceived; evil,” says the historian, “to which horses and it is certain that a number of smiths are often liable.” came over with the Norman army: but HOSPITALERS. (See John, St., Knights that the thing was not new the time is of.) clear, from the historical fact, that Wel- Houpon. This artist died in 1828. beck, in Nottinghamshire, the very estate House SNAKE. (See Serpent.) on which, at this day, stand the capacious Huber died at Geneva, in 1832, at the stables formerly belonging to that famous age of eighty-one years. writer on horsemanship, the duke of Hulans. (See Ulans.) Newcastle, was, before the conquest, the HUMPHREYS, David, LL.D., minister of property of an old Saxon tenant in capite, the U. States to the court of Spain, was named Gamelbere, who, according to Dug- the son of the reverend Daniel Humdale, held of the king two carucates of phreys, of Derby, Connecticut, and born land, by the service of shoeing the king's in 1753. He was educated at Yale colpalfrey on all four feet, with the king's lege, and graduated in 1771, with a distinnails, as oft as the king should lie at his uished reputation for talents, energy of manor of Mansfield; and if he should character, and scientific and literary aclame the palfrey, then he should give the quirements. Soon after the commenceking another palfrey of four marks price. ment of the revolutionary war, he enterBefore the invention of metal shoes, con- ed the American army, and was sucsiderable attention, as may well be sup- cessively an aid to generals Parsons, Putposed, was paid to the strengthening and nam and Greene. In 1779, he was aphardening the hoofs of horses, especially pointed one of the aids of Washington, of those employed in war; and various and remained in his family till the close whimsical methods of producing these of the war, enjoying his high confidence, effects are still extant in the works of friendship and patronage. He left the those who have treated on the ancient army with the rank of colonel. When ménage. Notwithstanding, however, that Franklin, Adams and Jefferson were, in attention, there is but too good reason 1784, appointed commissioners for negoto believe, from incidental passages in tiating treaties with foreign powers, he the writers of early times, that dread- was chosen secretary of the legation, and ful havoc must frequently have taken attended them in that capacity to Paris place amongst, and dreadful sufferings and London. In 1791, he was sent amhave been endured by, those noble an- bassador to the court of Lisbon, and, in imals, of whose preservation, even in 1797, appointed minister plenipotentiary military service, so much care is taken to that of Madrid. He concluded treain modern times, and to which pres- ties of peace with the bey of Tripoli and ervation the art of shoeing especially the dey of Algiers. On his return from conduces. That the horses of the an- Spain, he transported to New England cients were never shod in war, is the 100 sheep, of the Merino race, which opinion of Beckmann; nor does it ap- proved a valuable acquisition to the agripear that conclusive evidence to the con- cultural and manufacturing interests. trary has been adduced. When Mithri- While in the military service, he publishdates was besieging Cyzicus, he was ed a patriotic poem, addressed to the obliged to send his cavalry to Bithynia, American armies, and, after the war, anbecause the hoofs of the horses were ené other, on the happiness and future glory

of America. In 1789, he gave to the placed upon the water-proof cloth, upon public the Life of General Putnam, and, which the pillow and bed-clothes are to during his residence in Europe, published be placed. When the patient rests upon several poems on subjects connected with it, he at once experiences the surpassing the American revolution. After his re- softness of the hydrostatic bed: he is turn to the U. States, he resided chiefly in placed nearly in the same condition as Connecticut, and, in 1812, was appointed when floating in water, the fluid support to the command of the veteran volun- being prevented from touching him, howteers of that state, with the rank of gen- ever, by the peculiar manner in which it eral. He died at New Haven, Feb. 21, is sealed, hermetically, as it were, within 1818, aged sixty-five years.

the water-proof cloth, and by the interHydroCELE. (See Dropsy.)

vening mattress. The bydrostatic bed HYDROCYANIC ACID. (See Prussic Acid.) was invented, a short time since, in LonHYDROMETRA. (See Dropsy.)

don, under the following circumstances, HYDROSTATIC BED. This is one of by doctor Arnott, the author of the Elethose happy inventions that have sprung ments of Physics :-A lady, who had from the practical application of science suffered much, after a premature confinein the wants of life. It not only delights ment, from a combination and succession us by its ingenious novelty and great sim- of low fever, jaundice, &c., and whose plicity, but commands a still deeper in- back had sloughed (mortified) in several terest when we consider the relief which places, was at last so much exhausted, in it will afford in innumerable cases of pro- consequence of the latter, that she was tracted suffering, where hitherto the pa- considered in the most imminent danger. tient has been considered in a great meas- She generally fainted when the wounds ure beyond the power of the physician. in her back were dressed, and was passIn all diseases where the system has been ing days and nights of uninterrupted sufmuch enfeebled and the patient long con- fering, as the pressure even of an air-pilfined to bed, the circulation of the blood low had occasioned mortification. Docgoes on so imperfectly, in some of those tor Arnott reflected that the support of parts of the body that are more imme- water to a floating body is so uniformly diately and more constantly subjected to diffused that every thousandth part of an pressure, that they frequently mortify, or inch of the inferior surface has, as it lose their vitality. The dead parts thus were, its own separate liquid pillar, and formed become a continual source of ir- no one part bears the load of its neighritation, often exhausting the patient's bor; that a person resting in a bath is strength by a slow decay, where other- nearly thus supported; that this patient wise every hope might have been enter- might be laid upon the face of a bath, tained of recovery; and when he does over which a large sheet of the watersurvive, they are removed solely by the proof India rubber cloth was previously slow process of ulceration, during a te- thrown; she being rendered sufficiently dious convalescence. The hydrostatic buoyant by a soft mattress placed beneath bed will mitigate or entirely remove these her; thus would she repose on the face evils ; and even when they appear in a of the water, like a swan on its plumage, milder form, still it becomes of the ut- without sensible pressure any where, and most value, from the certainty with which almost as if the weight of her body were those sources of irritation are removed, annihilated. The pressure of the atmosthat arise from the inequality of pressure phere on our bodies is fifteen pounds per in a common bed, and prevent that re- square inch of its surface, but, because freshing sleep which it is always such an uniformly diffused, is not félt

. The object to procure. This bed is construct- pressure of a water bath, of depth to ed in the following manner :-A trough cover the body, is less than half a pound six feet long, two feet six (or nine) inches per inch, and is similarly unperceived. broad, and one foot deep, is filled to the A bed having been made on this plan, depth of six or seven inches with water, and the patient placed on it, she was inand a sheet of water-proof India rubber stantly relieved in a remarkable degree, cloth placed upon it. It is fixed and and enjoyed a calm and tranquil sleep; firmly cemented at the upper part of the she awoke refreshed; she passed the next trough, being of such a size as to hang night much better than usual, and on down loosely in the inside, and floating the following day, it was found that all on the surface of the water, which ad- the sores had assumed a healthy appearmits, therefore, of the most perfect free- ance: the healing from that time went on dom of motion. A light hair mattress is rapidly, and no new sloughs were formed.