a deck, as a member of the German con- separate religious society. They were federation, has one vote in the general therefore excommunicated as heretics, at assembly (plenum), and, in conjunction the council of Verona, in 1184; but they with the Hohenzollern, Lippe, Reuss, and did not suffer a general persecution until Lichtenstein houses, the sixteenth vote the war against the Albigenses (q. V.he in the diet. (See Germany.) The chief after they had spread and established town is Corbach, with 2200 inhabitants. themselves in the south of France, under The res nce of the prince is Arolsen, the protection of the counts of Toulouse 1750 inhabitants. The revenue of this and Foix. At that time (1209—1230), petty principality is about $200,000; many Waldenses fled to Arragon, Savoy public debt about $600,000 ; quota of and Piedmont. Spain would not toletroops to the army of the confederacy, 518 rate them. In Languedoc they were able men. The house is one of the most an- to maintain themselves till 1330; in cient in Germany. Waldeck was one Provence, under severe oppression, till of the shambles, as Chatham appropriately 1545, when the parliament at Aix caused called them, to which the British govern- them to be exterminated in the most ment had recourse for purchasing troops cruel manner; still longer in Dauphiny; in the American war. and not till the war of the Cevennes were WALDENSES. This Christian sect, the last Waldenses expelled from France. celebrated as the precursor of the refor- In the middle of the fourteenth century, mation, appears, from old manuscripts in single congregations of this sect went to the university of Cambridge, to have ex- Calabria and Apulia, where they were isted as early as 1100. According to the soon suppressed ; others to Bohemia, common opinion, it owes its origin and where they were called Grubenheimer, naine to Peter Waldus (Waldo, Vaud), a because they used to conceal themselves rich citizen of Lyons, although some of in caverns. These soon became amalgatheir writers derive the appellation Wal- mated with the Hussites ; and from them denses from vallé (valley), and call them the Bohemian Brethren derive the aposVaudois, or dwellers in the valleys. tolical consecration of their bishops. On About 1170, Waldo, from reading the the other hand, they found a retreat, forBible and some passages from the fathers tified by nature, in the valleys of western of the church, which he caused to be Piedmont, where they founded a distinct translated into his native tongue, came to church, which has remained, till the the determination to imitate the mode of present day, the main seat of their sect. life of the apostles and primitive Chris- Their doctrines rest solely on the gospel, tians, gave his goods to the poor, and by which, with some catechisms, they have his preaching collected numerous follow- in their old dialect, consisting of a mixture ers, chiefly from the class of artisans, of French and Italian. In this language who, from the place of their birth, were their simple worship was performed, till called Lyonists; or Poor Men of Lyons, their old Barbes (uncles, teachers) became on account of their voluntary poverty; extinct, in 1603. They then received Sabatati, or Insabatati, on account of preachers from France, and since that their wooden shoes or sandals (sabots); time their preaching has been in French. Humiliatists, on account of their humility; These teachers, however, form no distinct and were often confounded with the priesthood, and are supplied from the Cathari, Patarenes, Albigenses, and other academies of the Calvinistic churches. heretics, whose fate they shared. In their Their rites are limited to baptism and the contempt of the degenerate clergy and supper, respecting which they entertain their opposition to the Roman priesthood, the notions of Calvin. The constitution the Waldenses resembled other sects of of their congregations, which are chiefly the middle ages; but, going beyond the employed in the cultivation of vineyards, design of their founder, which was merely and in the breeding of cattle, and which to improve the morals of men, and preach are connected by yearly synods, is repubthe Word of God freely to every one in lican. Each congregation is superintendhis native language, they made the Bible ed by a consistory composed of elders and alone the rule of their faith, and, rejecting deacons, under the presidency of the whatever was not founded on it, and con- pastor, which maintains the strictest morformable to apostolical antiquity, they al discipline, and adjusts small differences. gave the first impluse to a reform of From the time of their origin, the Walthe whole Christian church, renounced denses have been distinguished from their entirely the doctrines, usages and tradi- Catholic neighbors by their pure morals tions of the Roman church, and formed a and their industry, and have been esteemed as the best subjects. After they had 1823, by W. St. Gilly, an English cler. entered into a religious communion with gyman-Narrative of an Excursion to the the Calvinists, in the sixteenth century, Mountains of Piedmont, and Researches they were also exposed to the storm among the Vaudois, Protestant Inhabitwhich was intended to sweep away the ants of the Cottian Alps, &c. (second reformation, the doctrines of which they edition, London, 1825, 41o.). Also see had already cherished for upwards of Hugh Dyke Akland's Sketch' of the Histhree centuries. This was the cause of tory and present Situation of the Waltheir • extirpation in France, and their denses in Predmont (London, 1826), and chequered fate in Piedmont. Those who the same author's History of the glorious had settled in the marquisate of Saluzzo Return of the Vaudois to their Valley, in were totally exterminated by 1733; and 1689 (from the original accounts of their those in the other valleys, having received pastor, H. Arnaud), with a Compendium from the court of Turin, in 1654, new of the History of that People, &c. (Lonassurances of religious freedom, were don, 1827, 1 vol.). treacherously attacked in 1655, by monks Waldis, Burkard. (See Burkard Waland soldiers, treated with brutal cruelty, dis.) and many shamefully murdered. The WALDSTEDTE (i.e. the Forest Towns), or rest of their male population took up VIERWALDSTÆDTE (i. e. the Four Forest arms; and their bravery, aided by the me- Towns); a name given, in Switzerland, to diation of the Protestant powers, finally the cantons of Lucerne, Uri, Schweitz, procured them a new, though more lim- and Unterwalden, probably on account ited ratification of their freedom by the of the number of forests found in them. treaty concluded at Pignerol, August 18, (See the articles.) 1655. New oppressions, in 1664, gave WALDSTEDTERSEE, (See Vierwaldrise to a new contest and treaty. The städtersee.) persecution exercised in 1685, through WALDSTEIN-WARTEMBERG; a BoheFrench influence, obliged thousands to mian family, known since the thirteenth emigrate into Protestant countries. In century, and from which sprung the faLondon, they united with the French mous Wallenstein. (q. v.) There are at Huguenots; in the Netherlands, with the present two lines, with large possessions, Walloons; in Berlin, with the French in Bohemia and Moravia, containing congregations: nearly 2000 went to Swit- 90,000 inhabitants. The late Francis zerland. Some of these returned by force Adam, count of Wallenstein, after having to Piedmont, in 1689, and, with those served in several wars, travelled for seven who had remained, maintained them- years in Hungary, to study the plants of sclves, under many oppressions, to which the country, and published, in 1812, Delimits were finally put, in 1725, in conse- scriptiones et Icones Plantarum rariorum quence of Prussian mediation. They Hungaria (Vienna, folio), which procured now enjoy religious freedom and civil him the membership of several learned rights in their old valleys of Lucerne, societies. Wildenow (q. v.) called a plant, Perusa, and St. Martin, in western Pied- after him, Waldstenia, in his Species mont, where they have thirteen parishes, Plantarum Linnai. He died in 1823. containing about 20,000 souls. Their WALES ; a principality in the west of church service is under the direction of a Great Britain, washed on the north and synod. After long negotiations, in the way west by the Irish sea, and on the south of which great difficulties were thrown and south-east by the Bristol channel. It by the religious zeal of the Tübingen is from 130 to 180 miles in length from theologians, several hundred of the above- north to south, and from 50 to 80 in mentioned fugitives settled in Würtem- breadth, comprising an area of 8125 square berg, in 1699, where their descendants miles. The population, in 1811, was have ten parishes, and are 1600 in num- 611,788 ; in 1821, 717,438 ; in 1831, ber. They are next to the Calvinists in 805,236. It is divided into North and the simplicity of their worship, and in South Wales, containing twelve counties, their ecclesiastical constitution, but in in- Anglesey, Caernarvon, Denbigh, Flint, tellectual cultivation, they are behind the Merioneth and Montgomery in the forother Protestants. În later times, Eng- mer, and Brecknock, Cardigan, Caermarland and Prussia have afforded aid to the then, Glamorgan, Pembroke and Radnor Waldenses. By contributions which they in the latter division. The general aspect collected from all Europe, in 1824, they of Wales is mountainous, affording nuerected an hospital. The latest accounts merous views of wild scenery, interspersof them were collected on the spot, in ed with delightful valleys. The loftiest a summits in North Wales are Snowdon by the British Ordovices and Silures, and (3579 feet), Plinlimmon, and Cader Idris. was anciently called Cambria. In the Numerous small lakes are scattered among ninth century, it was divided into three the mountains; and there are several nav- sovereignties, called North Wales, South igable rivers, such as the Severn, the Wales, and Powis Land. In the thirteenth Coye, the Conway, the Towy, and the century, it was subdued by Edward I, its Dee. The climate is colder than in Eng- last prince Llewellyn ap Gryffyth having land, and humid; but the air is, in gen- fallen in battle in 1285.' Since that time, cral, salubrious, and the country healthy. it has been annexed to the English crown, The Cambrian goat is found here in a and gives his title to the eldest son of the wild state; and goat-hunting us a favorite king of England. It was not completely diversion of the people. The mineral united with England until the reign of kingdom is rich in silver, copper, lead, Henry VIII, when the government and iron and coal. The agriculture of Wales laws were formed agreeably to those of is, in general, much behind that of Eng- England. (For the judicial administraland, though, of late years, the imple- tion, see Assizes.) ments of farming, and the management WALES, NEw; a name given to a part of the land, have been much improved. of North America, situated south-east and The roads have also been, until recently, south-west of Hudson's bay, and divided in a bad state. The Ellesmere, Mont- into North and South : the former name gomery, Brecknock, Cardiff, and other is lost in the more general term of Labracanals, facilitate the internal intercourse. dor. New South Wales is situated north(See Canals.) The woollen manufac- west of Canada, and extends along the tures are extensive; the commerce incon- south borders of Hudson's bay, 450 siderable. The common Welsh still re- miles, from lon. 850 to 90° W., lat. 54° to tain many peculiar superstitions and cus- 58° N. toms, and, in many parts, their peculiar Wales, New South. (See New South language. The gentry, however, are, at Wales.) present, educated in England; and the WALES, PRINCE OF ; the title of the influence of their example is gradually heir apparent of the British throne, first exterminating the old Welsh peculiarities. conferred by Edward I on his son (afterMany remains of the ancient literature wards Edward II), at the time of his conare yet extant, and societies have been quest of that principality. (See Edward I.) formed for preserving such relicts. (See The heir apparent is made prince of Bard.) The Welsh are descendants Wales and earl of Chester by special creof the ancient Britons, who, being driven ation and investiture, but, as the king's out of England by the Anglo-Saxons, eldest son, is, by inheritance, duke of Corntook refuge in these fastnesses, or fled to wall, without any new creation. To comthe continent of Europe, where they gave pass or conspire the death of the prince their name to Brittany. (See Gael.) The of Wales is as much high treason as to Welsh language is Celtic. (See Roberts's conspire the death of the king. The eldCambrian popular Antiquities (London, est daughter of the king is styled the prin1815), and Collectanea Cambrica. Wales cess royal, unless there are no sons, when formerly sent twenty-four members to par- she is created princess of Wales. The liament, one for each county, and one for arms of the prince of Wales are the royal each of twelve boroughs. By the reform arms, with the addition of the motto Ich act of 1832, the number is increased to dien (I serve), said to have been adopted twenty-nine, two from each of the coun- by the Black Prince, from a prince of ties of Caermarthen, Denbigh and Gla- Bohemia, wbom he slew at Cressy. Anmorgan, one from each of the other nine, other account says Edward I presented his and fourteen from as many boroughs, of infant son to the Welsh, who had agreed which Merthyr Tydvil and Swansea are to accept a native prince from him, with the two created by the act. It belongs to the words Eich dyn (This is your man). the province of York in ecclesiastical Walker, John, a philological writer, inatters, and has four bishoprics, St. Da- born in 1732, joined with a Mr. Usher. vid's, Bangor, Llandaff, and St. Asaph. about the year 1767, in setting up a school Wales was long an independent and sep- at Kensington; but the speculation not arate sovereignty from England. Its di- succeeding to his wishes, he settled in mensions have been contracted by taking London, where he gave lectures on elofrom it the whole county of Monmouth, cution, having, it is said, in the earlier and a part of several of the adjacent Eng- part of his life, studied the art with a lish counties. It was originally peopled view to making the stage his profession, although his ill success on the boards had induced him to adopt another calling. Mr. Walker died in 1807. He is known as the author of several useful elementary works, such as a Rhetorical Grammar (Svo.); a Pronouncing Dictionary (8vo.); Elements of Elocution; Key to the correct Pronunciation of Greek, Latin and Scriptural Names (8vo.); and a Rhyming Dictionary. WALKYRIAS, or VALKYRIAS. (See Northern Mythology.) WALL. (See Architecture, vol. i, p. 334.) WALL-FLOWER (cheiranthus cheiri); a cruciferous plant, which grows in the clefts of rocks and old walls, in most parts of Europe. The stem is naked, hard, and almost woody at the base, dividing above into leafy branches. The flowers are large, of a fine golden-yellow in the wild plant, and agreeably scented. In the cultivated plant, the flowers are of various and brilliant colors, and attain a much larger size. Double and semi-double varieties are common in gardens. It is a beautiful and favorite ornamental plant. Being an acrid and hardy evergreen, it is sometimes sown in pastures, together with parsley, thyme, &c., as a preventive of the rot in sheep. About thirty species of cheiranthus are known, almost exclusively confined to the eastern continent, several of which have been long cultivated in gardens. WALLACE, Sir William; a celebrated Scottish patriot and warrior, who was the son of a small landholder of an ancient family in the west of Scotland. Possess ing great strength of body and undaunted courage, as well as a warm attachment to his native country, he beheld its subjugation by the English king, Edward I (q. v.), with the utmost impatience, and resolved to undertake the task of liberating Scotland from a foreign yoke. Having collected a small band of followers, he commenced an irregular warfare with the English troops left to secure the conquests of Edward; and his enterprising spirit and local knowledge soon rendered him a formidable foe. In 1297, he planned an attack on the English justiciary at Scone; but that officer and his colleagues eluded the danger by flight. Many of the barons, encouraged by this success, joined the standard of Wallace, or secretly favored his designs. Earl Warenne, the governor of Scotland, under king Edward, assembled an army of 40,000 men, with which he marched against the Scottish champion, who retreated to Cambusken neth, on the banks of the Forth, where the English were defeated with great slaughter; and their commander fled, with the remains of his army, into England Wallace was now declared regent of Scotland, under the captive king, John Baliol, The English monarch, alarmed at the reverses which his partisans had experienced, hastened from Flanders to oppose Wallace, against whom he led an army of 90,000 men. Jealousy at his elevation had already thinned the ranks of the Scottish hero, who, having resigned the regency, retained his command only over his particular followers. The Scottish army, under the steward of the kingdom, and Comyn, of Badenoch, waited the approach of Edward at Falkirk (q. v), where an engagement took place in the summer of 1298, in which the English were completely victorious. Wallace retired to the mountains, resumed his system of predatory warfare, and maintained his independence at the head of those who still continued attached to him. King Edward at length obtained possession of the person of his formidable adversary, through the treachery of sir John Monteith; and the deliverer of his country, being conveyed to London, suffered the death of a traitor, Aug. 23, 1305. His memory is still highly revered in Scotland, and his deeds have been the frequent theme of the poet and the historian. WALLACHIA. (See Walachia.) WALLENSTEIN, Albert, count of (properly Waldstein); duke of Friedland, generalissimo of the Austrian army in the thirty years' war, a man whose name excites mingled emotions of admiration and abhorrence; for, though his achievements were great, he knew no motive but ambition, and scrupled at no means of gratifying it. He was the terror of his contemporaries, and, in the short period of 1625-34, exercised a powerful influence on events, and has therefore met with many historians. But the veil which hangs over the last scene of his life has not been wholly removed by any of them.— Albert of Waldstein, born at Prague, in 1583, was descended from a distinguished Bohemian family, which was attached to the Protestant religion. For the instructions which he received under the paternal roof, and in the celebrated Protestant school at Goldberg, in Silesia, he had no taste. His restless, impetuous disposition was hostile to discipline, and, in all mischievous exploits, he was the leader of his fellow scholars, over whom he exercised a certain supremacy. He behaved in like manner at the university of Altorf, army, under Boucquoi, to Moravia, the |