Streets and Highways in Foreign Countries: Reports from the Consuls of the United States on Streets and Highways in Their Several Districts in Answer to a Circular from the Department of State, Volume 3

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U.S. Government Printing Office, 1891 - 592 pages
 

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Page 433 - All the irregularities of the upper part of the said pavement are to be broken off by the hammer, and all the interstices to be filled with stone chips firmly wedged or packed by hand with a light hammer, so that when the whole pavement is finished there shall be a convexity of four inches in the breadth of fifteen feet from the centre.
Page 260 - This foundation is a regular close pavement of stones carefully set by hand, and varying in height from eight to six inches, to suit the curvature of the road. These stones are all set on edge, but with the flat one lowest, so that each shall rest perfectly firm. The interstices are then pinned with small stones ; and care is taken that no stone shall be broader than...
Page 413 - No; when a road is made flat, people will not follow the middle of it as they do when it is made extremely convex. Gentlemen will have observed that in roads very convex...
Page 433 - ... inches, in any case. All the irregularities of the upper part of the said pavement are to be broken off by the hammer, and all the interstices to be filled with stone chips, firmly wedged or packed by hand, with a light hammer ; so that when the whole pavement is finished, there shall be a convexity of 4 inches in the breadth of 15 feet from the centre.
Page 411 - The steepest gradient that can be allowed on roads with a broken-stone covering is about 1 in 20, as this, from experience, is found to be about the angle of repose upon roads of this character in the state in which they are usually kept. Upon a road with this inclination, a horse can draw, at a walk, his usual load for a level without requiring the assistance of an extra horse ; and experience has...
Page 433 - Four of these six inches are to be first put on and worked in by carriages and horses ; care being taken to rake in the ruts until the surface becomes firm and consolidated, after which the remaining two inches are to be put on.
Page 433 - Upon the level bed prepared for the road materials, a bottom course, or layer of stones, is to be set by hand, in form of a close firm pavement ; the stones set in the middle of the road are to be 7 inches in depth ; at 9 feet from the centre, 5 inches ; at 12 feet from the centre, 4 inches ; and at 15 feet, 3 inches.
Page 373 - ... not so hard. A limestone road well made and of good cross-section will be more impervious than any other, owing to this cause, and will not disintegrate so soon in dry weather, owing partly to this and partly to the wellknown quality which all limestone has of absorbing moisture from the atmosphere Mere hardness without toughness is not of much use, as a stone may be very hard but so brittle as to be crushed to powder under a heavy load, while a stone not so hard but having a greater degree of...
Page 380 - ... (5.) Provided that in no case shall a county council make any payment to a district council towards the costs of such undertaking as respects any road, or towards the costs of the maintenance, repair, or improvement of any road by an urban authority, until the county council are satisfied by the report of their surveyor, or such other person as...
Page 51 - The road system of France has been of far greater value to the country as a means of raising the value of lands and of putting the small peasant proprietors in easy communication with their markets than have the railways. It is the opinion of well-informed Frenchmen who have made a practical study of economic problems, that the superb roads of France have been one of the most steady and potent contributions to the material development of the marvellous financial elasticity of the country.

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