a par with sovereigns, used in their title the proud formula Dei Gratia, represented themselves on their seals as holding a fleur-de-lis in the hand.

It has not been possible for us to allude here to all the arguments accumulated by M. van Malderghem in support of his thesis, and, although the charm which we have experienced in the perusal of his fine work has taken us beyond the space of an ordinary notice, we have given, perhaps, in the opinion of more than one of our readers, too brief a sketch of this remarkable and sensational study, which has the merit of definitively solving, in some thirty pages, the most captivating question which an archeologist was ever called on to deal with, and on which so many eminent men have expended their researches in vain. In sum, the memoir establishes :

1, That the fleur-de-lis, considered heraldically, is of occidental and not of oriental origin, and that its use as an ornament of the sceptre goes back at least to the ninth century.

2, That this flower, contrary to generally admitted opinion, incontestably represents the white lily of the gardens.

3, That it symbolises on the occidental sceptres the royal power in general.

4, That it united in the armorial bearings of the ancient French monarchy the idea of sovereign power to that of the particular supremacy which the kings of France enjoyed since the reign of Louis-le-Jeune.

The work of M. van Malderghem is enriched with two plates: the one represents the god "Nile" (after Champollion the Younger), bearing on its head five lotus-flowers, emerging from a coiffure which symbolises the water of the Nile. The second plate shows Charles-le-Chauve as depicted in the miniature of the Psalter in Paris.

The reproduction of the counter-seal of Robert, Archbishop of Reims (1304), represents the mystery of the Annunciation, where the lily which springs up from the vase placed between the Virgin Mary and the celestial messenger is identical with that one which adorns the royal sceptres; that is to say, an heraldic lily.

The author proves by the bibliography given at the end of his study, comprising no less than ninety-six

works, that he has spared no pains to make himself acquainted with all the information useful to his subject; and apparently not fearing the critic of his work, conscientiously even mentions the authors who are opposed to his views. The brochure of M. van. Malderghem will not fail to make a great impression in the scientific world, not only in Belgium, but also in foreign countries.

Proceedings of the Association.

WEDNESDAY, 21ST NOVEMBER 1894.

REV. J. CAVE-BROWNE, M.A., IN THE CHAIR.

THE following Associate was duly elected:-F. J. Horniman, Esq., The Museum, Forest Hill.

The following Hon. Correspondent was duly elected :—R. Quick, Esq., Forest Hill.

Thanks were ordered by the Council to be returned to the respective donors of the following presents to the library :

To the Society, for "Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London," session 1893-4; and "Archæologia", vol. liv, pt. 1.

for "Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society", October 1892, April and September 1893, vols. iv, v. for "Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland", vol. iv, pts. 2, 3.

for "Journal of the Society of Arts", 1893-4.

for "List of the Members of the Institution of Civil Engineers", 2nd June 1894.

for "Collections Historical and Archeological relating to Montgomeryshire", vol. xxviii, pt. 3, vol. xxviii, pt. 1. for "Proceedings of the Sussex Archæological Society", vol. xxxix.

66 for Annual Report of the American Historical Association for 1892".

for "Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology", by J. W. Powell, Director of the Smithsonian Institution; large 4to.

for "The Maya Year", by Cyrus Thomas; "Bibliography of the Wakashan Languages", by J. C. Pilling; and "The Pamunkey Indians and Virginia", by J. G. Pollard. for "The Smithsonian Report for 1892".

for "The American Historical Register", 1894.

To the Society, for "Annales de la Société d'Archéologie de Bruxelles", tome VIIIME, livr. iii, iv, July and October 1894.

for "Notts and Derbyshire Notes and Queries", vol. ii, No. 1.

for "Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian Society", vol. xiii, pt. 1.

for "Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archæological Society", 1892-3, vol. xviii, pt. 1.

for "Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society", vol. xxxv, 1894; and "List of Members", 16th May 1894.

for "Archæologia Cambrensis", fifth series, Nos. 43, 44. To the Author, for "A Short Guide to the Larmer Grounds, Rushmore, King John's House, and the Museum at Farnham, Dorset", by Lieut.-General Pitt-Rivers, F.R.S., F.S.A.

for "Genealogical Records of the O'Maddens of

Hymany", by T. M. Madden, Dublin, 1894.

To the Editor, for "The Illustrated Archeologist", vol. ii, No. 6, 1894.

It was announced that the Council had with much regret accepted the resignation by Mr. Allan Wyon, F.S.A., of the office of Honorary Treasurer, on account of ill-health, which renders it imperative on him to withdraw from active work in the Association.

Mr. E. P. L. Brock, F.S.A., Hon. Sec., exhibited, on the part of Dr. A. Fryer, an ancient engraved stone found at Tyre. This stone is the property of Miss Gertrude A. Fryer, and it was brought from the East in the year 1870 by the late Alfred Fryer. It bears an unknown symbol, and was found in the ruins of Tyre.

Mr. W. de G. Birch, F.S.A., Hon. Sec., exhibited a drawing of a medieval Tig, or many-handled drinking-cup, and read the following note by Alderman John Symons, of Hull :—

66

Recently, in passing down Whitefriargate, Mr. Archibald Johnston, linendraper, whose business premises are in Trinity House Yard, drew my attention to some broken pieces of brown glazed earthenware, and pointed out that they had just been dug up in the yard, which some navvies were then excavating for drainage purposes. These antique fragments Mr. Johnston kindly presented to me. They had undoubtedly formed a perfect jug, but the pick had smashed it in pieces. I had them pieced together, but found that it unfortunately lacked some portions. On close examination I came to the conclusion that it contained some smack of age; some relish of the saltness of time. Our artist, Mr. Smith, took a sketch of the relic and copies were forwarded to some antiquaries.

"The vase is 51⁄2 in. in height, 4 in. in breadth at the mouth, by 31

at the base. It has six small perfect and four imperfect handles. I remembered that I had seen something like it in the Albion-street Museum, labelled 'A loving cup'. This was found on the historical site of the Suffolk Palace, Lowgate, erected by Sir Michael de la Pole, opposite St. Mary's Church. Strange to relate, the old curiosity given by Mr. Johnston was dug up on the site of the Whitefriars' Monastery, founded by Edward I. This monastery extended along the south side of Whitefriargate from Trinity House-lane, but in 1535 it was suppressed, and Henry VIII granted to John Heneage the site and buildings, with the orchards and gardens attached. In the same year Mr. Heneage sold the property to John Thurcross, Esq., and in 1621 Alderman Ferries purchased and gave it to the Hull Trinity House. In an ancient MS. in my possession, dated 1647, the writer gives a description of articles dug up during the demolition of the establishment. Among these', the writer says, 'was a shallow bowl of red ware, which doubtless had been used for the purpose of taking wine out of; also drinking cups.' I have nothing more to add than that this rude piece of ancient pottery may in former days have been used for some peculiar custom. Such relics are invested with great interest, and are most precious because they remind us not simply of the hallowed structure of the Carmelite monks once in our midst, which savours of the time of yore; but also of other men than we, other manners and customs than ours."

Mr. Brock read the following:

INTERESTING DISCOVERIES NEAR CARDIFF.

BY DR. ALFRED C. FRYER.

"During the explorations of the Roman villa on Ely Racecourse, near Cardiff, it has been found that the Romans had constructed a small foundry hearth there, and had smelted iron with coal derived from the outcrop of the Welsh coalfield. The Welsh iron ore which was found lying about may have been brought, Mr. John Storrie conjectures, from the now disused Wenvoe Mine, which is about 1 miles distant as the crow flies, and also from Rhubina, which is about 6 miles off. Beside these some manganese ore (black oxide) has been discovered. Mr. John Storrie, in a letter sent to the Western Mail on August 23rd, says: The manganese ore contains only a very small proportion of iron-so little, indeed, that it would be quite useless to use it to obtain iron from. Its appearance, however, led me to think that it was not a native ore, and, having submitted it to Mr. Frank Johnson, F.G.S., he confirms this, and says that it is almost certainly Spanish ore, and further says that if a piece of the Ely find was dropped on a heap of Spanish man