THE RIGHT HON. LORD CARLINGFORD,

LORD PRIVY SEAL,

S the youngest son of the late Lieutenant-Colonel Chichester Fortescue, of Ravensdale Park, Co. Louth, brother of Lord Clermont, to whose title Lord Carlingford is the heir-presumptive. He was born on the 18th of January, 1823, and became a student of Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. in 1844, obtaining a first class in classical honours. In 1846 he gained the Chancellor's prize for an English Essay on the "Effects of the Conquest of England by the Normans," and in the following year he proceeded to the degree of M.A. He entered Parliament at the general election of 1847 as one of the members for the county of Louth, which he continued to represent, in the Liberal interest, until February, 1874, when his candidature was unsuccessful. Mr. Chichester Fortescue held a junior Lordship of the Treasury under Lord Aberdeen in 1854-55, the Under-Secretaryship of State for the Colonies, in 1857-58, and again in 1859-65. In the latter year he was made Chief Secretary for Ireland, and he held that responsible post down to June, 1866. On the formation of Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet in December, 1868, he resumed that office, from which he was transferred in 1870 to the Board of Trade. Just before retiring from office in February, 1874, Mr. Gladstone recommended the Queen to bestow a peerage on Mr. Chichester Fortescue, who was accordingly created Baron Carlingford. In consequence of the introduction of Mr. Gladstone's Irish Land Bill in 1881, the Duke of Argyll resigned his seat in the Cabinet, and his office of Lord Privy Seal. Lord Carlingford was thereupon appointed to succeed his Grace in that office, and towards the close of the Parliamentary session he had charge of the Land Bill during its passage through the House of Lords. The great majority of the Peers were notoriously hostile to the Bill, and it was largely owing to the tact, moderation, and conciliatory spirit displayed by Lord Carlingford, that they were induced to allow the obnoxious measure to become law. His lordship is Lord-Lieutenant of Essex, a magistrate and Deputy-Lieutenant for the county of Louth, and a magistrate for Somersetshire. Lord Carlingford married in 1863 Frances, Countess Waldegrave, daughter of the late John Braham, Esq. This lady died in 1879.

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WILLIAM BENJAMIN CARPENTER,

C.B., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,

S the eldest son of the late Rev. Lant Carpenter, LL.D., an eminent Unitarian divine, and brother of the late Miss Mary Carpenter, of reformatory and Indian fame. He was born at Exeter in 1813, and, having received his general education under his father, entered the medical profession, studying first at the Medical School of Bristol, then at University College, London, and afterwards in the University of Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. in 1839. For a time he practised medicine in Bristol; but removed to London in 1843, and was soon afterwards appointed Examiner in Physiology and Comparative Anatomy in the University of London, and Professor of Medical Jurisprudence in University College. These offices he held until he was appointed, in 1856, Registrar of the University of London. In 1861 the Royal Medal was awarded to him by the Council of the Royal Society for his contributions to biological science. In 1868-70 he took a principal part in expeditions fitted out by Her Majesty's Government for the exploration of the Deep Sea, which have yielded results of great importance to physical and biological science. The honorary degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon him by the University of Edinburgh, August 1st, 1871. Dr. Carpenter presided over the British Association at its meeting at Brighton in the autumn of 1872, when he delivered a remarkable inaugural address, having reference chiefly to the mental processes by which are formed the fundamental conceptions of matter and force, of cause and effect, of law and order, the basis of all exact scientific reasoning. In 1873 he was elected a corresponding member of the Institute of France; and in 1875 he was nominated a Companion of the Order of the Bath (Civil Division). Dr. Carpenter is the author of "Principles of General and Comparative Physiology," "Principles of Human Physiology," "A Manual of Physiology," Principles of Mental Physiology," "The Microscope and its Revelations,'

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"Introduction to the Study of the Foraminifera," and some able papers in the "Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology," in the "Reports of the British Association, in the "Quarterly Geological Journal," and in the "Philosophical Transactions." He resigned, in 1879, the office of Registrar of the University of London; and, on the first occurrence of a vacancy in the Senate to be filled by the Crown, was nominated a member of that body.