in the following words: "Shortly after the conquest, the estimation of arms began, in the expeditions to the Holy Laud; and, afterwards, by little and little, became hereditary, when it was accounted an especial honour to posterity, to retain the arms which had been displayed in the Holy Land, in that holy service against the professed enemies of Christianity; and that we conceived at that time the hereditary use of them; but that the same was not fully established until the reign of Henry III.; for that, in the instances of the last Earls of Chester, the two Quincys, Earls of Winchester, and the two Lacys, Earls of Lincoln, the arms of the father still varied from those of the son." That such instances of variation have been frequent, may be proved from the fact, that, in many of the escutcheons of the eldest and most honourable families, the second quarter is occupied by the patriarchal bearing, and is blazoned by repeating the name, and adding, "as borne anciently." It was also become customary at this time, to charge the ordinaries, which before had constantly been plain; this was done, not on account of filiation, or any acquirement of seigniory, but in allusion to military service in the crusades, &c. The reign of Richard II. may be particularized for the introduction of several novel modes of blazonry. This monarch, delighting in magnificent attire and personal splendour, was the cause of every ornament being added, that would more sumptuously adorn the apparel of the courtiers and nobles. Armorial bearings being found suitable for such purposes, they were no longer confined to the gorgeous array of the armed warrior, but formed the chief embellishment of the common habits of those who attended his court; and were frequently repeated on the just-au-corps, or bodice, the surcoat, and the mantle. A wider field was, therefore, now opened, not only for heraldic display, but also for invention; as it became common for the coat of arms, which before only admitted the hereditary bearings, now to be charged with those of the wife, by way of dimidiation or impalement, and likewise marshalling or quartering of heirs general. Crests and cognizances were also multiplied; and the mode of placing the escutcheon between two animals, as supporters, became more frequent. Indeed every custom, whereto was attached an idea of grandeur, utility, or value, included the use of them; and not only on dress were displayed those distinguishing ornaments, but they were exhibited on household furniture, in architecture, on floors executed in Mosaic work, as may be seen on the pavements of the Cathedral at Gloucester, and many other of our cathedral churches; also on plate, on the rich sepulchral brasses, the pilasters of the superb canopies, and often placed at each corner of the slabs of monuments; and, in fine, were introduced wherever any of their uses might be appropriated. Coins were early charged with escutcheous; and we are informed by Parrington, that those with which the scutagium were paid, were called escues, and had a shield impressed on them. Speed takes notice of a coin of Edmund, King of Sicily, brother of Henry III. of England, which was charged on one side with his escutcheon. Edward III. and his son, both issued coins charged with the badges of France and England; after this time, they were generally charged with the escutcheon and cognizances of the monarchs, in whose reigns they were issued; and supporters were also introduced on the "sovereign" of Henry VIII. As a proof of the high estimation and sacred use, which arms were held in at this time, with regard to family and national right, we will here notice a memorable and tragical occurrence, that took place in the reign of Henry VIII. : we allude to the fate of the unfortunate Lord Surrey. The principal testimony brought forward, to support the charge of treason against that nobleman, was, the assumption of the arms of King Edward the Confessor, which the family of Howard had used in right of descent, by the authority of their sovereigns, for upwards of a century. This, with other particulars in his armorial bearings, his implacable enemies basely insinuated, avowed his pretensions to the crown, in opposition to the rights of his Majesty's offspring, and was thought sufficient evidence to authorize his condemnation. As it is the aim of this work to give every possible information, with regard to our subject, it will be necessary to notice the custom of armorial distinctions being used by ecclesiastics, and by communities, civil and religious, which were altogether unconnected with military honours. After the uses of arms became known, acknowledged, and appropriated, and were used to ratify charters, and to add embellishment with utility, they were allowed in a specific manner, to be adopted by ecclesiastical orders, as well for sealing charters, as for affording ornaments to their monastries; nor was this assumption contrary to the allowance of the court of chivalry, in the code of which it is written: "Arma dantur viris religiosis, non propter strenui tatem, sed propter honorum, quia honorabile est arma portare; ut doctor in legibus viginti armis per legem armorum fiet miles, non tamen propter ejus strenvitatem sed propter dignitatem." It is also related by Guillim, that Charles IV. in consideration of the services of Bartholus, an eminent civilian, as a reward, gave him for his arms, or, a lion rampant, his tail forked, gules: which, at first, he feared to assume, judging himself unfit, as not being of martial renown; but that afterwards they were used by him and his posterity. The author also goes on to enlarge upon the utility of this precedent, and the benefit which accrued from such rewards being assigned to men, eminent for their virtues, which distinguish civil merit. It frequently happening, that the superiors of religious houses were of noble families, they, of course, retained their own devices, and often gave them as the badges of their societies; but the arms of the monastery were mostly those of the founder. In the papal hierarchy, the gradations thereof were, in a great measure, analogous to the higher degrees of secular dignity; and many of the bishoprics and other prelacies had temporal baronies annexed to them, termed "dignified fiefs." Thus, in several cases, the secular and ecclesiastical powers were vested in one clerical prince or lord, which would thus connect with them many of the feudal customs. Even chivalry itself was introduced into the church, and many of the clerical order acted as warriors. In the commencement of the twelfth century, Baldwin, King of Jerusalem, aud Baldwin II. his successor, converted several of the fraternities of the monks, of the orders of St. Augustine and St. Benedict, into classes of knights, that they might defend the pilgrims, who resorted to the holy sepulchre. Hence originated the various orders of chivalry, headed by a grand master, and joining the clerical regulations with a military profession. In addition to the ordinary badges of knighthood, there were certain forms of the cross prescribed for the devices of the respective orders. In war, these were displayed on scarlet surcoats, as armorial insignia, above their coats of mail; and in peace, were worn enbroidered on their clerical mantles, on the left side, near the heart. We may suppose it as probable, that it was such communities that first assumed heraldic distinctions, and that, this practice being followed by others of the ecclesiastical order only, it gradually introduced the custom of each society being distinguished by a particular badge. After it was thought eligible to possess arms, and the bearing of them was restricted, it became customary for many, who were not entitled to coat armour, to invent and use certain marks, though not fashioned according to heraldic rules. These were generally used by wealthy merchants and citizens: and, when first invented, were adapted for the purpose of marking merchandise; but when they were displayed on escutcheons, they were found to answer the uses of distinguishing symbols: specimens are still to be seen, annealed to windows, or carved in wood and stone, about such buildings as they have erected. A shield of this kind is noticed in the Harleian MSS. and the following description given. "Theys be none armys, but a marke as marchaunts vse; for every man may take hyme a marke, but not armys, without an herawde or purcyvaunte." They were mostly composed of lines curiously joined together, by which, either the initial letters of the owner's name were formed, or whatever else his fancy suggested. Another practice had also become common, and of much esteem, especially among the ecclesiastics; this was, the mode of using, as arms, certain familiar figures, which were representative of the name of the bearer: such a mark of allusion was called a rebus. The custom is of French origin; and by them termed des armes parlantes. It was chiefly the employment of the monks, to apply those rebusses to proper names; and so much was it approved by them, that almost every church dignitary had his rebus, although entitled to hereditary arms. The analogy was sometimes very remote, and could only be understood by interpretation. If the name ended with "ton," the tun, or vessel, was generally used to illustrate it; as in the instance of Thomas Compton, Abbot of Cirencester, A.D. 1480; which was a comb and tun: it is exhibited in a window of stained glass, to which he contributed, in Our Lady's Chapel at St. Peter's, Gloucester. Some authors, however, differ in opinion concerning these representations, asserting that they were chiefly used for conveying some sentence, and that the motto was constantly annexed to the device, which were so dependant on each other, that the signification of neither could be taken separately; for example, by the motto "We must" placed upon a sun-dial, was meant to be conveyed the solemn truth, We must die all. After various modes of utility had been attached to arms, so as to render them indispensable appendages of nobility and knighthood, the necessity of introducing therein specific marks, for distinction of collaterals, evidenced itself. It being allowed by the court of chivalry, that all the sons of an esquire might appropriate their father's device, a confusion of persons would consequently follow. To remedy this, we find, among early instances, a variation from the simple ordinary was often made, by adding thereto different charges, either in allusion to the virtues of the bearer, his military acquirements, or his feudal tenure. Another method of denoting filiation, and differencing the bearings, was, by adding thereto a certain ordinary or charge, as the bordure, label, canton, mullet, or cinquefoil. After the improvement and establishment of the regulations of heraldry, certain marks of distinction were appointed, which denote the different branches of a family to a great extent; but as they are particularized in the Glossary, we shall refer to that part of this work, under the term DISTINCTIONS OF FAMILIES. It is only in those reigus, when military ardour, a taste for chivalrous amusements, or a desire for magnificence, has been the leading characteristic of the sovereign, that we may expect to find any particular advantage accrue to heraldry; thus we find that, during the reign of Richard III. much was contributed towards the establishment of this science. By this monarch, the heralds were first incorporated and assembled in a collegiate capacity; prior to that, they had been attendants upon the court, as the king's household servants, exercising a special jurisdiction in matters of chivalry. The early part of the reign of Henry VIII. was marked by a profusion of splendour; the king delighting in all manner of bastiludes, tournaments, and other pageants, occasioned every mode of magnificence to be renewed; and tabards, or surcoats of arms, were worn by the nobility, in preference to the most splendid apparel. A retrogression from the chasteness and purity which distinguished the armorial ensigns of the fifteenth century, now took place; beauty was sought in redoubling the ordinaries and charges almost to confusion; and this fashion has subsequently prevailed to such a degree, that the ancient and simple emblems, which were accounted most honourable, are no longer attended to. About that time, cognizances became more generally used, and were worn by their retainers, and by the servants of the nobility, that thereby they might be distinguished. During the reign of Philip and Mary, much attention was paid to heraldry. A commission of visitation was directed to Thomas Hawley, Clarencieux, "to correct all false crests, arms, and cognizances; to take notice of descents; and to reform all such as were disobedient to orders for funerals, set forth by King Henry VII.; whereby it is also provided, that all such as should disobey the same, should answer thereunto, upon lawful monition to him or them, given before the high marshal of England." Another commission, to the same purport, was issued in the fifth aud sixth year of the same reign. The public usage of arms had now, in a great measure, declined, and they were more particularly used as domestic ornaments, and connected with architecture, sculpture, and painting. The mansions of the great of this time exhibited them on various parts of the buildings; they were placed over the gate-way, and above the principal entrance: the hall continued to be ornamented with them, and the large projecting windows belonging thereto exhibited escutcheons, single, impaled, and quartered; illustrating, minutely, the connexions of the family; they adorned the ornamental parts of furniture, and were generally attached to the series of family portraits, each of which being marked by peculiar distinctions, was particularly calculated to elucidate their history. A more general knowledge of the elements of heraldry now became necessary, as they were introduced to domestic and common notice. Although, in the following reigns of Elizabeth and James, chivalry lost much of its original splendour; yet they were, in a peculiar mauner, favourable to the diffusion of heraldic knowledge. The more ancient and honourable in family were particularly tenacious of their bearings; whilst those who had risen, through a legal capacity, or commercial gains, to the rank of gentility, were ambitious to procure those ensigns. Thus, a general of renewing the former splendour of chivalrous exercises, use of heraldic emblems prevailed; and, amid the search and again bringing into regard the customs belonging to after knowledge, a more particular acquaintance with this them. The same spirit was imbibed by his brother Charles I. science would be required; to satisfy which, we find when Duke of York: and, after his accession to the throne, numerous publications ushered forth. Treatises on this he patronised the same customs. During the happier subject were extant before this time; for, with the intro- part of his reign, the college of arms rose into much esteem ; duction of printing into England, among other popular particular attention was paid by the gentry to provincial subjects, was selected that of coat armour; the first of visitations, and the entry of funeral certificates; and heralds which appeared A.D. 1486, in a work entitled, "The Boke were employed on every customary occasion. After disof St. Alban's," principally translated from a MS. work, sension and popular discontent began to rage, among the composed about the year 1441, by Nicholas Upton, the first grievances complained of, was the court of chivalry. A bill author who reduced heraldry to a system. It cannot be sup- was brought forward by Mr. Hyde, afterwards Lord Chanposed, that all the elements and rules of this science were cellor Clarendon, proposing the abolition of it; upon which formed by those authors, but that they were indebted to the matter was referred to a committee, and a day aptradition for its uses and application and receiving it pointed to receive all petitions concerning the heralds' court, according to the general acceptation, left the true origin of and the earl marshal's court, and on which the heralds the figures, and the reason of their being adopted, altoge- were to prove their claims to certain privileges. With the ther very unsatisfactorily defined. The general distinctions abolition of this court, heraldry was too much connected, made, were with respect to the rank of the bearer; the not to be involved; but, after the hostile parties in the subjects were his precise gradation in the line of his de- state had taken the field against each other, armorial ensigns sceut, and his acquirements of honour and property. "All made a particular display, especially in the royal camp; coat armour was reduced under nine divisions, four of which there the heralds, who had accompanied their master, perwere deemed perfect, and five, imperfect. Of the perfect formed all the functions which belonged to their office, and kind, were those warranted by regular descent, and called declarations of treason, parleys, and capitulations, were abstract, or of the heir male without difference,-terminal, made by them only. The royal cause was likewise espoused or of the brethren of the right line,-collateral, or of the by the principal of the nobility and gentry, who held the brethren of the heir male,--and fixal, the third degree by republican party in the highest contempt, as composed of right line of male heirs. The imperfect arms were those the meanest of the people; the ensigns, therefore, of their granted by the king with a lordship-the gift of a king honourable antiquity, were displayed on every occasion. devised by a herald-the ensign of a Saracen won in the This, exciting envy in those who had attached themselves field—the heir female of the elder branch, and of bastardy." to the opposite party, caused every proof of family and With the progress of knowledge, instead of quaint notious connexions of which they could boast, to be displayed: and absurd ideas, which prevailed in the first authors, as even the bannerols of Cromwell, after he had gained the to its origin, clearer disquisitions, though sometimes mixed supreme command of the army, exhibited his paternal with a prolixity of classical knowledge, were introduced by bearings, amplified with numerous quarterings; and, after succeeding writers. It is not within the compass of this he assumed the protectorship, the national ensigns conwork to take a critical view of heraldic treatises; but, as stantly displayed his arms inserted in the centre. we may suppose the general knowledge of the science would keep pace with the information given thereon, by noticing the era when they became most numerous, we may infer its progress. Although, by literary aid, the elements of heraldry were now more universally and easily learned, it is a question whether from this any advantages were derived. It is very probable, that, from a desire to display such honourable emblems, many invented and assumed devices with others, yet often defective, and not according to the strict rules of the science. Thus we may trace the decline of heraldry soon after this period; for not only did the great increase of armorial bearings irrecoverably impair the respect once paid to them, but, the more particular cause to which we may assign its declension, was the total change which took place in the character and manners of this kingdom. At the restoration of Charles II. the heralds, who had been driven from their situatious during the Commonwealth, were recalled, and reinstated in all their former offices and privileges. The patronage which they had in former times enjoyed, was again bestowed on them; and the former systems of magnificence seemed to be re-establishing. In the reign of James II. heraldry was much attended to, and visitations were still made; the last of which took place in 1683, to record the pedigrees and arms of families; to correct abuses in regard to assumption of arms; and to extend and grant to such families as possessed not armorial ensigns, a proper bearing. After the restoration, an attempt was made to re-establish the court of chivalry; to effect this, the ingenious Dr. Plott was employed to collect and arrange all the existing evidences of the history and privilege of the curia militaris. It is very remarkable, that there are on In the reign of Elizabeth, the pageantries of chivalry record, very few cases which have been decided in that were very common, and tournaments were often held; court; and those but summary views, taken rather from though, in this and the preceding reigns, Italian modes private notices, or memorauda, made by the practitioners had introduced many variations from their former manner in the college of arms, than official records: ten cases are of celebration. The impress and motto were now much collected as precedents, and subjoined by Mr. Dallaway to in use; "the former consisting of an emblem characteristic his valuable work. The necessity for such a court, however, of the bearer, and its meaning explained by a sentence, no longer subsisted; instituted in, and formed to suit, rude which, to render it still more mysterious, was sometimes and warlike times, it, of course, was not suited to those imperfect." Funeral pomp, and the ceremonies regulated later ages, when the character and customs of the people by the laws of the court of chivalry, were still attended to. had undergone an entire change. The effort to establish The martial spirit of Henry, Prince of Wales, was the cause it once more, was therefore ineffectual: for the last cause, the only one which, for a long interval, came under its cognizance, was in 1720, and was a trial between Blount and Blunt, concerning right of bearing arms. As the power of the earl marshal's court was now virtually abolished, there being no constable of England appointed, it likewise put a stop to all visitations, as the officers of arms could no longer maintain their authority, enforce their commands, nor punish delinquents. The office of earl marshal, however, is still continued, as is the heralds' college and its officers, through whom arms are granted or awarded by the king's command, and all the duties performed which appertain to their office. In the succeeding section it shall be our business, for the further information of our readers, to give the origin of their functions, enlist the individuals who have held the marshalsy, and give a compendious account of the titles and duties of the different heralds that have been appointed in England. When commerce spread sources of wealth to the industrious, and caused a greater equality to pervade the ranks of society, military aggrandizement not being held in so much estimation, and the customs of chivalry thereupon declining, heraldry degenerated from the honourable and circumscribed station, and magnificent splendour, in which the feudal system had established it. But instead of this event causing it gradually to be abolished, we find it then more generally used, and its badges sought after as the emblems of honour. This, producing a constant assumption, greatly extended the use of arms, till we find that, from the universality of the adoption, the regard in which they were held was much impaired: this the learned Selden, two centuries ago, acknowledged was the case. The intercourse of kingdoms causes their customs to assimilate; so that we find every variation that has taken place, alike progressive in the French and British heraldry. If, in any part of these dominions, it has been in a general way more correctly adhered to, than in others, it is in Scotland, where they generally possess more evidence to claim the right of assumption, and are more particular in differencing the family bearing. In Ireland, perhaps, it has flourished less; but there, heraldic ensigns have always been held in bigh estimation; and heralds have been empowered to grant them in that kingdom. ster equitum; but, under the emperors, these names were changed into that of præfectus prætorius. After the seat of empire was removed from Rome to Byzantium, amongst the alterations of the names of offices which then took place, it was again altered to comes stabuli, as this officer had then the charge of the military, which consisted mostly of horse. The French, in the very early times of their monarchy, had their comes stabuli; at first, however, the diguity and power belonging to this office fell far short of that enjoyed by those who held it in the eastern and western hemispheres; but under Philip I. the power was extended, and afterwards continued increasing, till the authority of the constable in France was almost unbounded, being esteemed second to the king, and having the custody regalis gladii, in the same manner as the præfectus prætorius had of old. It is generally supposed, that the title of constable was unknown in this island till the Norman Conquest, soon after which, that office was primarily introduced hither from Normandy, and bestowed by William the Conqueror on Ralf de Mortimer, whom he appointed his first constable of England. After whom Walter de Gloucester was constituted constable of England in fee, by Henry I. Milo, his son, next succeeded to that office, and was also created Earl of Hereford, by King Stephen; and after him his five sons held it successively, each dying without issue. Humphry. de Bohun next succeeded to the constabulary of England, and the earldom of Hereford, in right of his wife Margery, eldest daughter of the before-mentioned Milo; and it remained with the male branch of this family till the decease of Humphry de Bohun, Earl of Hereford and Essex, and of Northampton, and constable of England, on the 12th of February, in the 46th year of Edward III. Thomas, surnamed of Woodstock, sixth son of Edward III. succeeded to the earldoms of Essex and Northampton, in right of his wife, Eleanor, eldest daughter of the last-mentioned earl; and was constituted constable of England during pleasure, by patent, dated 10th of June, in the 50th year of Edward III. Henry, grandson of Humphry, Earl of Stafford, who was afterwards advanced to the title of Duke of Buckingham, 23rd of Henry VI. and son of Humphry, who was son to Anna Plantagenet, daughter of the before-mentioned Thomas of Woodstock, was advanced to the high and great office of constable of England, on the 15th of July, 1st of Richard III. He was succeeded by his own son Edward Stafford, in the constableship of England, and in all his lands and honours; but being accused of high treason, an act was passed for his attainder by parliament; and thereby AMONG the great officers attendant upon the court of our the office of constable of England fell into the hands of the ancient kings, as established by William the Conqueror, crown. Since that time, no person hath been appointed upon the plan of his ducal court of Normandy, were the thereto, except upon coronations and other great solemniconstable and marshal. In the early centuries, most of ties; and then only for a short and limited space of time. the proceedings of the curia militaris were carried on by Whilst the comes stabuli remained a mere officer of the those officers; and when the former office became virtually, king's household, the marescalli were altogether subservient though not actually, abolished, authority was invested in to them; but when the military dignity of commander-inthe latter, to preside in the court of chivalry, and to sum-chief of the army was annexed to the office of the former, mon the heralds to assist him, by conducting all processes it proved highly advantageous for opening a way for the of which that court had cognizance. As before this the elevation of the latter. These being better acquainted with two offices were generally executed in conjunction, with respect to military affairs, and are much blended together, it will be necessary to take a cursory view of their original appointments, and thence pursue their progress. SECTION IV. The first institution of the office of constable has been traced to the Romans; among whom, whilst kings held the sway, that officer was termed tribunis militum, and magi whatever related to the cavalry, its powers and appointments, than any other of the servants of the prince, the comes stabuli selected from among them, one, on whose abilities and understanding he could rely, and employed him to reconnoitre the position, and watch the motions of the enemy; to mark out the proper places for the encampment of the army; to assign the quarters and lodging for the soldiery; to station the piquets, and direct the foragers. The office of marescallus, thus raised from servility, soon grew up to great power and dignity; insomuch, that leading the van of the army, the command of the cavalry, and making the first attack on the enemy, were attached thereto. The marescallus, or mareschal of France, was also early instituted he was considered as distant from the coustable, and yet subordinate to him, whose minister he was, both in war and peace. His authority was great, and in many respects equal to that of his principal. In Normandy, likewise, this officer was vested both with authority and jurisdiction; and previous to Duke William's invasion of England, had arrived at the meridian of his power. It is therefore probable, that at the time of the Conquest, the name and office were both introduced into England: the arguments and evidence for its pre-existence here, are unsatisfactory and contradictory. From the first establishment of this officer in England, he has been of great dignity and authority, both in war and peace. His institution is of the king alone, who creates him by letters patent under the great seal. The titles of master marshal, king's marshal, marshal of England, and earl marshal, have been used at various times; but it is difficult to ascertain the respective periods, when he acquired these styles, especially the two last. Marshal of England, however, appears from a charter grant of the Abbey of Tinternes, to have been used as his style, by William Marshal, second Earl of Pembroke, in the 7th year of Henry III. The earliest patent by which the appellation of earl was added to marshal of England, is that of the 12th of January, in the 9th year of Richard II. granted to Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham, and constituting him EARL Marshal of England, to hold to him and the heirs male of his body. It was also directed in this earl's patent of creation, that the plain rod, which originally was the badge of distinction of the marshal, and which he constantly bore whilst on duty, should be changed for a rod of gold, tipped at each end with black enamel, and to have the royal arms depicted on the upper end, and the arms of the said earl on the lower; since which time, the earl marshals have borne the like official badge. it was necessary to appoint deputies; and from this custom, we possess numerous minor officers of the same titles; but we consider it unnecessary to take any further notice of them. The The first marshals that were appointed in England, were Roger de Montgomery, and William Fitz-Osborn. many great services which these individuals performed for William, Duke of Normandy, and the advice and aid which they afforded in the Conquest of England, were rewarded by the Conqueror, not only with a rich grant of lands, but also with great preferments. Montgomery was advanced to the earldoms of Arundel, Chichester, and Surrey; and Fitz-Osborn, to the dignity of Earl of Hereford; and, at the same time, they were constituted first marshals of this kingdom. The former of these died in the year 1094; the latter was slain in the year 1070, whilst assisting Ernulph, Earl of Henault, to obtain possession of the earldom of Flanders. From a defect in our ancient historians, the successors to the marshalsy of England cannot be certainly decided. Hugo Grantemesneil, Gulielmus filius Gulielmi, or FitzWilliam, Robert Fitz-Ede, a natural son of Henry I. and Walter Giffard, Earl of Buckingham, have been severally named as the successors, by various writers. Probability, however, decides in favour of the last-mentioned family; and it is suggested, that, if not the first, yet the second Walter, Earl of Buckingham, was, on the death of Roger de Montgomery, promoted to the marshalsy of England; but, that on account of his treason, in taking part with the Empress Maud, it was seized into the king's hands, and by him immediately granted in fee to his favourite, Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Pembroke. The last mentioned earl has always been considered as having been hereditary marshal of England; he died in 1148, and was succeeded in his office by his son Richard de Clare, who, dying in 1175, or the following year, left issue only one daughter, Isabella, who afterwards married William Marshal, who with her obtained the earldom of Pembroke and office of marshal of England, from Richard I. before his coronation. The earl dying in 1219, was succeeded in the title, and in the office of marshal, by his eldest son, William, who married The duties attached to the offices of constable and mar- Alienore, sister to Henry III. and died without issue, in shal, in this kingdom, as well in war as in peace, were mul- 1231, being succeeded by his brother Richard, as Earl of tifarious, honourable, and confidential; and the powers, Pembroke, and marshal of England. This Richard dying in privileges, and authority of those officers, were extensive, 1233 without issue, the office of marshal of England dejudicial, executive, and respectable. Their powers and scended to his next brother, Gilbert Marshal, who was functions, when acting in their military capacities, were, killed by accident in 1241, and, dying without issue, was in some instances, concurrent; in others, separate and in- succeeded by Walter, his next brother, as Earl of Pemdependent. Again, in some particular branches of office, broke, and marshal; but he also dying without issue, in the marshal acted as the coadjutor and assistant to the 1246, was succeeded by his brother Anselm, in his titles constable; though in others, he was subservient and mini- and office; which he held but a short period, dying in the sterial to him. The functions of the constable, when con-year following, also without issue. Thus the five sons of sidered in his civil capacity only, were few, and very much the first William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke, baving all confined to certain personal attendances on the king, in his died without issue, the earldom became extinct, but the court, on high festivals, and when such affairs were trans- office of marshal of England then descended to their five acted, as required pomp and solemnity: whereas those of sisters and co heirs. the marshal were much more numerous and diffusive; they extended to the care, management, and superintendency of the place of the royal residence, and of the household; and his jurisdiction extended twelve miles beyond the verge of the court. Formerly, both of these officers performed certain functions in the exchequer, and the marshal had also to officiate in the courts of king's bench, common pleas, &c. thus, their personal duties becoming too extensive, Maud, the eldest, married, first, Hugh Bigod, the fourth Earl of Norfolk of that name, by whom she had issue three sons; Roger, who succeeded as Earl of Norfolk, and Hugh and Ralph, who died without issue. She married, secondly, William, Earl Warren and of Surrey, who died in the year 1240, and by whom she had issue, John, who succeeded his father in the earldon of Surrey, and Isabel, married to Hugh de Albini, Earl of Arundel. |