O daring! O daring!)

Shákya name.

phod-pa, and this is the origin of the

Afterthe deathofIxsHWAKUVIRUDHARA, བྲུ་རམ་ཤིང་པ་འཕམས་སྐྱེས་པོ at Potala, succeeds his younger son

'$42, rgyal-srid dgah,

(he that desires to reign.) On his dying without children, the banished princes successively inherit. The three first have no issue; the son of A'', the fourth prince, is, Gnag-hjog, Q. His son is

. His descendants to the number of 55,000 have reigned at Capilavástu. [An enumeration of the princes who reigned at Potala after IKSHWAKU' follows, which is indentical with the list in Sanskrit authorities; the names being translated into Tibetan according to their literal meaning; as for Mahá Sammata, Mang pos bkur-va, greatly honored, &c.] Here ends the narration of MONGALYANA. SHA'KYA approves and recommends it to the priests.

II.-Second report on the Geology of Hyderabad. By H. W. Voysey, Esq. Surgeon and Geologist to the Trigonometrical Survey of India, dated Secanderabad, the 28th June, 1820.

I had the honor of submitting a geological description of part of the dominions of His Highness the NIZAM to the MARQUESS OF HASTINGS in June last, since which I have visited a considerable additional portion of the same country, including part of the Honorable Company's territory. I now beg leave to offer a more complete geological sketch of the country through which I have passed, embracing in a great measure the substance of the former report, but more systematically arranged.

The space included between the extreme points of my different journeys is about 3° of latitude and 5° of longitude, viz. from 16° to 19° N. lat. and from 77° to 82° E. long.: within it are four rivers, the Godáveri, Kistna, Maujira and Moussa, two of which may be ranked among the principal rivers of India, viz. the Godaveri and the Kistnah. The two first-named rivers take their rise in the Western Ghauts, and some of their tributary streams at their origin are only separated a few miles from each other. Their general course, is nearly south-east. The Manjira differs the most from that course, being forced to double on itself when it approaches the high land, commencing about thirty miles north-west of Hyderabad. The course of the rivers accords with that of the ranges of mountains, and the valleys through which they run. Mountains.

The granitic part of this country may be called both mountainous and hilly, and in the plains and valleys are found elevations which are mini

atures of the loftier ranges. These ranges are few in number, and remarkably interrupted and irregular, their extension inconsiderable, and their height above the level of the sea about 2,500 ft., most of them falling far short of that height. Single isolated hills and groups, with round and conical summits, are by far their most common features.

Although the complete isolation of these hills and groups first strikes the observer as being the prevailing character, on a closer examination it will be found that the apparently isolated hills are connected at their base by scarcely distinguishable elevations, pursuing the N. W. and S. E. direction, common to them and the larger ones.

They are extremely bare and rugged in their outline, and consist of piles of rock, one block being heaped above the other in irregular succession on an enormous mass of concentric granite. In the process of decomposition these form tors and logging stones of a singular appearance.

The hill on which the Fort of Bhowánigarh is built and that of Mául Ali, 2017 ft. above the level of the sea, may be taken as specimens of the isolated hills and groups; and the ranges of Mulkapur and Golconda as specimens of the continued. The only parts of the country which are entitled to the name of plains are those in the neighbourhood of the rivers, being formed by their inundations and therefore of small extent.

The above description applies to the greater part of the granite country: those ranges of granite however which run N. E. and S. W. from Guntur to Gondwana, forming the pass of the Kistna at Bejwára and that of the Godúveri at Pápkunda, are of a different character; the ranges being less interrupted, more elevated above the plains, although not higher above the level of the sea, and altogether of a different structure. Their sides are very precipitous, and oblige the traveller to use his hands and knees for a considerable portion of the ascent.

Their outline is not at all rugged, and the logging stones and tors of the former granite are nowhere visible.

The Cavalry cantonment of BAʼLARA'M, six miles N. of Secander ábád, is one of the highest inhabited villages of the granite country, and from thence to the northward, the country gradually decreases in height as far as Menachpet: the same takes place more suddenly at Malkapur to the eastward, and at Patancherú to the N. W. The city of Hyderabad, close to the walls of which the river Moussa runs, is by barometrical measurement 1672 feet above the level of the sea, and the cantonment of Secanderabad 1837, which agrees with Colonel LAMB

TON's trigonometrical measurement within 19 feet. Colonel LAMBTON's observatory being 10 feet high, and the house where the observation was taken between 5 and 10 feet lower than the base of the observatory, the agreement will be much closer.

The outline of the basaltic trap hills is smooth and rather flattened with a few conical elevations in the range; or they consist of an accumulation of round hills with deep ravines intersecting and separating them. They are covered with long grass to their summits. Their course is the same with the granite they cover, but it frequently hap pens that no regular direction can be perceived.

The sandstone country and rocks are flat, the sides of the hills steep, with extensive gaps in the course of their range, at times nearly reaching to their bases; their direction is N. W. and S. E. or nearly so, and it is probable that they extend over a considerable portion of the S. E. part of Gondwana.

Rivers.

The rivers of India, and particularly the Godáveri and Kistna, are subject to great variations in the quantity of their waters dependent on the periodical rains. The small rivers are nearly dry in the month of May, and the channels of the larger contract to a fifth from their size in the middle of the rains.

I before mentioned that the tributary streams take their rise near to each other, and pass through a country of nearly similar formation, viz. basaltic trap, and discharge their waters into the sea within 60 miles of each other by several mouths, which like those of the Nile or the Ganges run through a delta formed by their own alluvium. Their waters are much discoloured in the rains, and deposit on their banks and throughout the whole extent of the inundation, which takes place more or less every year, a thick layer of black alluvial soil, called by Europeans "black cotton soil." These banks vary from 50 to 30 feet in height, the latter being the usual height of those of the Kistna. About 50 miles from their embouchure they both pass through the chain of granitic mountains which extend from Gantúr to Gondwana before mentioned.

The pass of the Kistna at Bejwára is much broader than that of the Godáveri at Pápkonda. This may be the cause of the more extensive inundations of the latter, since its channel is contracted from a breadth of two and one mile to two furlongs by the lofty and precipitous sides of these mountains. This defile constitutes the S. E. boundary of His Highness's dominions. Its extent from the last Nizam's village to the nearest Company's village is about ten miles, which space is uninhabited,

the banks or sides of the mountain being so steep as even to preclude communication in any other mode than by water.

The extent of the modern inundation varies from six to three miles on each side of the river, but judging from the distance at which the black alluvium is found from the banks of the river, these periodical floods have been more extensive*.

The last took place in the year 1816, and washed away houses and cattle in great numbers; and there are traditions of two others in the course of the last century, each greater than the last. I am not able to speak with so much certainty of the inundations of the Kistna; I have however seen the black alluvium covering the plain in which the diamond mines of Purteál are situated, extending six miles from its banks; also at Shermahomedpet, five miles N. W. of its bank.

These inundations are considered as important benefits by the inhabitants, and the produce of the land is proportionally increased after their occurrence.

Tanks.

The lakes I have seen are all artificial, and are found only in the granitic and sandstone country; they are usually formed by uniting two projecting points of low hills, which nearly separate the upper half of a valley from the lower, by enormous causeways of granite, or mounds of earth, which collect the different streams rushing from the hills during the rainy season, forming a sheet of water from three to ten miles in circumference.

This mode of retaining water artificially is probably coeval with the first increase of population in this country, as the small supply of water derived from wells would not be equal to the cultivation of rice, which is the only grain extensively produced in the granitic soil.

After the rains the loss they sustain from irrigation, evaporation, &c. is supplied by infiltration, nevertheless many become dry before the monsoon recommences. Those tanks which are neglected and no longer supply rice-fields are speedily covered with the large leaves and flowers of the nelumbo indica, othelia alismoides, and other aquatic plants : their waters acquire a noisome smell and unwholesome taste. The number of tanks and their state of repair afford a fair criterion of the prosperity of the country.

From subsequent observations, I am inclined to believe that this alluvium or diluvium was the result of a deluge of water which found its course to the sea by the present opening of the rivers-and that they have done no more than form their beds in it.

They are less frequent in the sandstone country, and the unirrigated cultivation is accordingly more abundant.

In the basaltic trap they are rarely seen, and the irrigation of rice when cultivated is performed solely by wells.

Hot Springs.

There are two hot-springs. One called Gondála is situated in the sandy bed of the Godáveri, about two furlongs from its left bank, a few miles below the pagoda of Raddrachelam. It is covered in the rainy season by the river, but is left dry during the greater part of the year.

The bed of the river about one mile and a half wide contains granitic sand, above which appear rocks of granite and trap mixed in various ways.

The spring is situated close to these rocks. When I visited it in February, it was covered with sand, and we were obliged to dig in three places before we discovered the hottest part. Around this spot to the distance of 15 yards the temperature of a stick thrust into the ground was sensibly raised, and on digging to the depth of three or four feet, water was found hot, but of an inferior temperature to that of the central spot. Its temperature at sun rise was 139°, that of the others 120° and 130, whilst that of the air and river was 70°. The falling in of the land, the pit being about four feet deep, so evidently reduced the temperature, that it is very probable we should have found it much higher on digging deeper, which we were prevented from doing by the inconvenience the labourers suffered from the hot-water. The presence of sulphuretted hydrogen was sensible to the smell; but the impregnation was not strong enough to blacken a silver pencil case: the tissue of a slipper was slightly discoloured on being dipped into the

water.

On evaporating 2880 grains, six grains of saline matter were left behind, consisting of sulphate of soda, common salt, and muriate of lime.

It is much resorted to from its supposed efficacy in curing cutaneous disorders. It is worthy of remark, that the rocks in the neighbourhood contain no iron pyrites. Its heat therefore cannot be ascribed to the spontaneous combustion of that mineral.

On the opposite bank of the river is a bluff rock of sandstone, through the crevices of which water infiltrates and is collected in small reservoirs, caused by the continued dropping on the soft stone. Its temperature at nine o'clock was 68°. I do not consider this to be the mean temperature of the place, since its latitude, 18° N, and height above the level of the sea not exceeding 130 feet, would make its mean tem