of his tenure in Normandy, contrived to hold Tamworth and Scrivelsby of Henry III (Rot. Claus., i, 442b; Stapleton II, ciii-civ). This is one of the most striking cases of double tenure (above, p. 434). Both sons died shortly after 1240, and were succeeded by their sons Philip and William. Philip came to England in 1242. The brothers took opposite sides during the civil wars, Philip fighting for the king and William being an adherent of Simon de Montfort.

For more particulars see Stapleton, Banks, op. cit., i, 129-131; D.N.B., xxxvi, 190. Through Philip Marmion's daughters, Tamworth and Scrivelsby passed ultimately to the families of Freville and Dymoke. The descendants of William, son of Robert Marmion, junior, were the lords of Witringham in Lincoln, and of West Tanfield in Yorkshire.

FONTENAI, Richard of: Richard was perhaps the most important local official in Normandy during the last year of John's rule (above, pp. 365, 373). His connection with the family of Marmion is not stated, but it is curious that he was connected with the same family by marriage as was Robert Marmion, the elder son of Robert the elder. In 1204-5 Philip Augustus endowed him with lands in the Cotentin (Actes, no. 907, cf. H. de F. 611h), and he appears constantly in the records of the Norman Exchequer after the conquest (Jugements, nos. 233, 244, 299, 352; and notes to pp. 267, 291).

FOUGERES, fiefs of William of: For the confiscation of William's lands in Normandy by John see above, p. 245. In right of his wife Clementia, the grand-niece of William, Randle, earl of Chester claimed Ipplepen (in Devon) and other possessions of the house of Fougères in England. They were granted, but with the qualification that they not of just right annexed to his honour" (Stapleton

were

II, cc).

1. Robert Marmion married Juliana, and the son of Richard of Fontenai married Matilda, both daughters of Philip of Vassy (Stapleton, II, civ; Lechaudé d'Anisy in Mémoires de la Societé des Antiquaires de Normandie, viii, part 2, p. 56).

GACE. The honour of Gacé, near Argentan (Orne), was held in 1172 by Amauri of Sablé by the service of 3 knights. He had 11 in his service (R.B., ii, 629). He was succeeded by Lisiard and by Peter of Sablé, who died in 1195 and 1203 respectively (Stapleton II, lii). In 1203 Reginald du Bois had the custody of the heirs (R.N., 114). The family remained in Normandy. According to Register A, Guy of Sablé had the honour shortly after the conquest (H. de F., 695b) perhaps as guardian of the "heres de Gaci " (Ibid, 684g). In 1227 Amauri was lord of Gacé (C.N., no. 366).

GISORS, fief of John of: The baron held an extensive honour in the French and Norman Vexin near Gisors (see the list of his fiefs in 1220, H. de F., 630, and the inquest into the fiefs of the archbishop of Rouen, in C.N., no. 202). After the loss of the Vexin, or rather the valley of the Epte in Richard's reign, John's Norman lands escheated, so far as they were in the duke's power (cf. Rot. Scacc., ii, 306, "firma terre Johannis de Gisorz" (1198), and above, p. 261). See Stapleton II, xxxvi-viii, for his family and lands; also C.N., no. 517 note. His Sussex lands ultimately went to Hugh of Gournai (R.B., ii, 803).

GLOUCESTER, fiefs of the earl of The Norman fief of the Earl of Gloucester had its centre at Sainte-Scolasse (Orne, arr. Alençon), the chief tenant being the lord of le Meslesur-Sarthe (H. de F., 618e; cf. also 611j, 619k, 620d, 715c). The fief came to King John in right of his wife, but a great part of it, together with the title of earl, went to Amauri, count of Evreux, after the loss of Evreux (C.N., no. 54; R.N., 92). Amauri's father had married the eldest daughter of Earl William. On his career see Stapleton II .clxiii.

GOURNAI. Hugh of Gournai and his father before him held the honour of Gournai by the service of 12 knights and with the duty of defending the March with their other knights (R.B., ii, 628; cf. Rot. Scacc., ii, 416, 551). In Register A the entry on the list of fees is subpuncted for deletion, and in later registers of Philip Augustus it is omitted (R.B., ii, 628 note; H. de F., 694 note). After its conquest in 1202 Gournai became a royal castle (C.N., no. 209). Saint Louis refers in one of his charters (March

1248) to his palace at Gournai (Ibid, no. 1180). Ecouché, near Argentan, is stated by Stapleton (II., 1xxxv) to have been part of the honour, and seems to have been in royal hands in 1220 (C.N., nos. 283, 284, 307).

For Hugh of Gournai see above, pp. 163, 419. For the extent of his honour on the borders of Normandy in the valleys of the Epte and Bresle, and in the dioceses of Amiens and Beauvais, see Stapleton I, cii, clxxix; and the authorities named in Tardif, Coutumiers, I, ii, p. lii note. The distribution of his Norman lands outside Brai, which had been commenced by John in 1203 (R.N., 82, 94, 95) was continued by the French kings (C.N., nos. 134, 771).

In May 1203, the lands of Hugh in Norfolk and Suffolk had been granted to John the Marshal (R.N., 92), and in June, Wendover was granted to Ralph of Tilly (Rot. de Liberate, 45, 74). After his reconciliation with John in 1206 (Rot. Pat., 57b) Hugh was reinstated, as the inquisition of 1212 shows (R.B., ii, 477, 537). In 1208 he appears in possession of the soke of Waltham (Rot. Pat., 85; R.B., ii, 523) formerly held by Alan FitzCount. In Sussex, of the lands of the Normans, he had the manor of Berlinges, once the land of John of Gisors, extraneus (Ibid, ii, 803).

Mapledurham and Petersfield were the dowry of his daughter on her marriage with Amauri, earl of Gloucester (Stapleton I, exliv).

GRAVENCHON-EN-CAUX (Seine-Inferieure) was an honour of the counts of Evreux, and remained to the counts after the loss of Evreux until 1204, when Philip Augustus added it to his demesne (C.N., 113). For its content see H. de F., 705h.

GRAVILLE. Graville, Geraudeville, Girardivilla, near Harfleur (Seine-Inferieure), was held in 1172 by Matthew of Graville by the service of 4 knights. He had 12 knights in his service (R.B., ii, 629). In 1204 William Malet was the lord of Graville. His wife was Philippa, daughter of the count of Alençon, and when he died, soon after the conquest, he left her with a son Robin or Robert. This Robert Malet, was, through his mother, one of the heirs to the honour of Alençon (C.N., nos. 284, 1126, 1140, 1149). On his father's death, he was a minor, and Graville was for some time in

the custody of his mother's third husband, William of Préaux, brother of Peter of Préaux (Stapleton II, cxliii; H. de F., 695c, 708c,g).

The history of the English fiefs of the honour of Graville is interesting. In 1204, Lilley in Hertfordshire and Coleby in Lincolnshire were seized as terrae Normannorum, which belonged to William Malet (R.N., 129; cf. Testa, 369b; Rot. Claus., i, 283b; Cal. of Charter Rolls, Henry III, vol. i, pp. 85, 86 (1228); Stapleton II, cxlii). William of Préaux, who had at first stayed in Normandy (cf. R.N., 126) came to England late in John's reign and received seisin of Coleby in right of his wife Philippa (cf. Rot. Claus., i, 233). He thus maintained for a time a connection between the English and Norman fiefs of the honour of Graville. Robert Malet, who had lived in Normandy (C.N., nos. 416, 426) is said by Stapleton to have done homage to Henry III for his ancestral lands at Lilley and Coleby in 1242 (II, cxlvi). This statement is not borne out by the records. In 1242 Robert Malet lost Coleby, which had previously been restored to him (Cal. of Patent Rolls, 1232-1247, P. 336. Cf. Charter Rolls, Henry III, i, 276, 338).

This family must be distinguished from the Malets of Somersetshire.

LA HAIE-DU-PUITS. La Haie was the caput of the honour of Plessis in the Cotentin, which was held in 1172 by Ralph of la Haie by the service of 21 knights. He also owed the service of a knight for the fief of Créances, near La Haiedu-Puits, which belonged to the honour of Mortain. He had 6 knights in his service (R.B., ii, 632). In 1204 Robert of La Haie left Normandy and settled on his English lands, of which the honour of Burwell in Lincolnshire was the chief (Rot. de Fin., 286; Testa, 329; Stapleton II, ccxxxix). In consequence the honour of La Haie or Plessis was added to the ducal demesne (H. de F., 695j).

The charters in Round's Calendar contain some information upon the earlier history of the family.

HAMBYE. Hambye (Manche, arr. Coutances) and Bréhal (ibid) were the chief fiefs of Fulk Paynell. His large honour in the Cotentin, partly held of the abbot of Mont Saint Michel, is described at length in the feodary of 1220 (H. de F. 610c). In spite of their vacillation, he and his

son Fulk retained their Norman lands. In 1205 Fulk had joined Philip (C.N., no. 124); his English lands at Bingham in Nottinghamshire appear in the list of terrae Normannorm in 1204 (R.N., 141, cf. Testa, 19; Rot. Claus., i, 6, 7b). See Round, Calendar, pp. 325, 444, 537; Stapleton II, xlvi note.

See Saint-Sauveur.

HARCOURT. The lord of Harcourt, near Brionne (Eure) owed service to the honour of Beaumont-le-Roger, and held only one knight's fee in chief of the duke (R.B., ii, 641; H. de F., 710k). In 1204 Robert of Harcourt was still living, but he was succeeded by his son Richard before 1208 (Stapleton II, ccix). Richard, as the husband of Matilda, the youngest daughter of Ralph Tesson, was, after 1213, lord of SaintSauveur-le-Vicomte (H. de F., 609d; Stapleton II, lv, ccx, cclxxx). He died between 1236 and 1242 (H. de F., 725g, 728d).

Richard of Harcourt's relations with England are important. In 1204 his father had possessed the manors of Sileby and Burstall (Leicestershire), Sherston (Wiltshire), Wellingborough (Northamptonshire), Ludham (Suffolk), Ilmington (Warwickshire), and Bensington (Oxfordshire). In 1204 these lands were confiscated (R.N., 132, 135, 138, 139, 140). His son John held Rothley in Leicestershire, and this also was confiscated (R.N., 139). Both Richard and John of Harcourt made overtures to the king in 1206 (Rot. Pat., 57b; Stapleton II, cciv), but only John returned to England and received possession of his own and the ancestral lands between 1211 and 1215 (Ibid, cevi; Rot. Claus., i, 115b, 210). He died before Damietta in 1219 (Rot. Claus., i, 402b). In the following year Richard, the elder brother who lived in Normandy, got seisin of the Harcourt lands in England for £500 (Excerpta e rotulis finium, i, 58; Rot. Claus., i, 445), and retained them until 1236 (Stapleton II, ccvii) when he lost them, owing perhaps to his share in the campaign undertaken by Saint Louis in that year (H. de F., 725g). His son John succeeded for a time in securing Ilmington, which had gone to Simon de Montfort: he defended Simon in 1260 against the charge of treason.1 This is an

1. See a chronicle, probably of Evesham, in Leland, Collectanea, ed. Hearne (1715), i, 245-an interesting passage.