but not by 400. Thus, according to the Julian | longed to the Greek church, the Julian year calendar, the years 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, or old style, as it is called, still prevails. The bull were to be bissextile as before. which effected this change was issued Feb. 24th, 1582. The Protestant parts of Europe resisted what they called a papistical invention for more than a century. In England the Gregorian calendar was first adopted in 1752. In Russia, and those countries which be In the ancient Calendars the letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, were used for the purpose of fixing the nundines in the week of eight days; precisely in the same way in which the first seven letters are still employed in ecclesiastical calendars, to mark the days of the Christian week. QUINCTILIS, or JULIUS. F. C. 19 XIV. E. 3 III. G. D. 20 XIII. Prid. H. E. 21 XII. 5 Non. F. 22 XI. A. H. 6 VIII. III. Prid. V. D. 10 IV. F. 9 VII. C. 11 III. G. 10 VI. A. 26 IV. D. 28 V D. 12 Prid. E. 13 Id. F. 14 XIX. G. 15 XVIII. C. 14 Prid. H. 16 XVII. MARTIUS. A. 17 XVI. B. 18 XV. D. 18 XIV. F. 17 XVI. D. 1 Mart. Kal. C. 19 XIV. E. 19 XIII. D. 20 XIII. F. 20 XII. Ꮩ . E. 21 XII. IV. F. 22 XI. HARC H. 1 Jun. Kal. H. 19 XIV. A. B. C. III. Prid. G. 23 X. Prid. Non. H. 24 IX. B. 24 VIII. Non. E. 6 VIII. A. 25 VIII. C. 8 VIII. F. 7 VII. B. 26 VII. D. 9 VII. C. 27 VI. E. 27 V E. 10 VI. D. 28 V. F. 28 IV. E. 29 IV. C. 12 Prid. G. 31 Prid. A. 14 Prid. B. 15 Id. F. 15 XVII. E. 18 XV. B. XIV.C. SEXTILIS, or V. A. 18 XIV. 2 IV. G. 20 XIII.D. 3 III. H. 21 III. C. 20 4 Prid. A. 22 Prid. D. 21 D. 5 Non. B. 23 X. G. 7 Non. E. 22 6 VIII. C. 24 VIII. F. 23 7 VII. D. 25 VIII. 8 VI. E. 26 9 V. F. 27 A. 10 IV. G. 28 VII.B. 10 VII. VI. V. B. 11 III. H. 29 IV. E. 13 III. C. 28 IV. F. 10 IV. C. 12 Prid. A. 30 III. F. 14 D. 13 Id. B. 31 Prid. G. 15 Prid. D. 29 F CA LIGA, a strong and heavy sandal worn | by the Roman soldiers, but not by the superior officers. Hence the common soldiers, including centurions, were distinguished by the name of caligati. The emperor Caligula received that cognomen when a boy, in consequence of wearing the caliga and being inured to the life of a common soldier. The cuts on pp. 38, 57, showthe difference between the caliga of the common soldier and the calceus worn by men of higher rank. CALIX (kúλɩ), was sometimes applied to a large cup or vessel, but generally signified a small drinking cup used at symposia and on similar occasions. Its form is exhibited in the woodcut under SYMPOSIUM. CALO ́NES, the slaves or servants of the Roman soldiers, so called from carrying wood (kũλa) for their use. They are generally supposed to have been slaves, and almost formed a part of the army. The word calo, however, was not confined to this signification, but was also applied to farm servants. The calones and lixae are frequently spoken of together, but they were not the same: the latter were freemen, who merely followed the camp for the purposes of gain and merchandize, and were so far from being indispensable to an army, that they were sometimes forbidden to attend it. IV. DECEMBER. D. 30 III. G. 1 Dec. Kal. E. 31 Prid. H. 2 IV. CALUMNIA. When an accuser failed in his proof, and the accused party was acquitted, there might be an inquiry into the conduct and motives of the accuser. If the person who made this judicial inquiry found that the accuser had merely acted from error of judgment, he acquitted him in the form non probasti; if he convicted him of evil intention, he declared his sentence in the words calumniatus es, which sentence was followed by the legal punishment. The punishment for calumnia was fixed by the lex Remmia, or as it is sometimes, perhaps incorrectly, named, the lex Memmia, But it is not known when this lex was passed, nor what were its penalties. It appears from Cicero, that the false accuser might be branded on the forehead with the letter K, the initial of Kalumnia. The punishment for calumnia was also exsilium, relegatio in insulam, or loss of rank (ordinis amissio); but probably only in criminal cases, or in matters relating to status. CA ́MARA (кaμápa), or CA ́MERA, 1, A particular kind of arched cieling, formed by semicircular bands or beams of wood, arranged at small lateral distances, over which a coating of lath and plaster was spread, and the whole covered in by a roof, resembling in construction the hooped awnings in use amongst CANDELA. us. 2. A small boat used in early times by the people who inhabited the shores of the Palus Maeotis, capable of containing from These boats were twenty-five to thirty men. made to work fore and aft, like the fast-sailing proas of the Indian seas, and continued in use until the age of Tacitus. CAMILLI and CAMILLAE, the names of certain boys and girls who assisted at sacrifices among the Romans. CAMINUS. [DOMUS.] CAMPESTRE (sc. subligar), a kind of girdle or apron, which the Roman youths wore around their loins, when they exercised naked in the Campus Martius. The campestre was sometimes worn in warm weather, in place of the tunic under the toga. na, CAMPUS SCELERA TUS, was a spot within the walls, and close by the Porta Colliwhere those of the vestal virgins who had transgressed their vows were entombed alive, from which circumstance it took its name. As it was unlawful to bury within the city, or to slay a vestal, whose person, even when polluted by the crime alluded to, was held sacred, this expedient was resorted to in order to elude the superstition against taking away a consecrated life, or giving burial within the city. CAMPUS MAʼRTIUS, an open plain outside of Rome, so called because it was consecrated to the god Mars. It properly comprised two plains, which, though generally spoken of collectively, are sometimes distinguished. The former of these was the so-called ager Tarquiniorum, which originally belonged to the Tarquins, but was taken possession of by the people upon the expulsion of the Tarquins; the other was given to the Roman people by the vestal virgin Caia Taratia or Suffetia, and is sometimes called Campus Tiberinus, and sometimes Campus Minor. The Comitia Centuriata were held in the Campus Martius, and hence the word campus is put for the comitia. It was included in the city by Aurelian when he enlarged the walls. This plain was covered with perpetual verdure, and was a favourite resort for air, exercise, or recreation, when the labours of the day were over. Hence campus is used as "a field" for any exercise, mental or bodily. CANDE LA, a candle made either of wax (cerea), or tallow (sebacea), was used universally by the Romans before the invention of oil lamps (lucernae). In later times candelae were only used by the poorer classes; the houses of the more wealthy were always lighted by lucernae. CANDELABRUM, originally a candlestick, but afterwards the name of a stand for The supporting lamps (2vxvovxoɩ), in which signification it most commonly occurs. candelabra of this kind were usually made to stand upon the ground, and were of a considerable height. The most common kind were made of wood; but those which have been found in Herculaneum and Pompeii are Bronze Candelabrum. Sometimes they were mostly of bronze. made of the more precious metals, and even of jewels. The candelabra did not always stand upon the ground, but were also placed Such candelabra usually upon the table. consisted of pillars, from the capitals of which several lamps hung down, or of trees, from whose branches lamps also were suspended. The preceding cut represents a very elegant candelabrum of this kind, found in Pompei. CANDIDA TUS. [AMBITUS.] CANDYS (kúvdvç), a robe worn by the Medes and Persians over their trowsers and other garments. It had wide sleeves, and was made of woollen cloth, which was either Canephori. Bacchus holding a Cantharus. CANTICUM, an interlude between the acts of a Roman comedy, and sometimes, perhaps, a tragedy. It consisted of flute music, accompanied by a kind of recitative performed by a single actor, or if there were two, the second was not allowed to speak with the first. In the canticum, as violent gesticulation was required, it appears to have been the custom, from the time of Livius Andronicus, for the actor to confine himself to the gesticulation, while another person sang the recitative. CAPILLUS. [COMA.] CA'PITE CENSI. [CAPUT.] sometimes the frankincense were deposited. The name, however, was more particularly applied to two virgins of the first Athenian CA'PITIS DEMINUTIO. [CAPUT.] families who were appointed to officiate as CAPITO LIUM. 1. A small temple, supcanephori at the Panathenaea. The pre- posed to have been built by Numa, and dediceding cut represents the two canephori ap-cated to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, situated proaching a candelabrum. Each of them elevates one arm to support the basket while she slightly raises her tunic with the other. CANVASSING in elections. [AMBITUS.] CA'NTHARUS (káv@apoç) a kind of drinking cup, furnished with handles. It was the cup sacred to Bacchus, who is frequently represented on ancient vases holding it in his hand. on the Esquiline. It was a small and humble structure suited to the simplicity of the age in which it was erected, and was not termed Capitolium until after the foundation of the one mentioned below, from which it was then distinguished as the capitolium vetus. 2. The temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Mons Tarpeius, so called from a human head being discovered in digging CAPSA. the foundations; whence the hill also was called Mons Capitolinus. Tarquinius Priscus first vowed, during the Sabine war, to build this temple, and commenced the foundations. It was afterwards continued by Servius Tullius, and finally completed by Tarquinius Superbus out of the spoils collected at the capture of Suessa Pometia; but was not dedicated until the year B. c. 507, by M. Horatius. It was burnt down during the civil wars, at the time of Sulla, (B. c. 83,) and rebuilt by him, but dedicated by Lutatius Catulus, B. C. 69. It was again burnt to the ground by the faction of Vitellius, (A. D. 69,) and rebuilt by Vespasian, upon whose death it was again destroyed by fire, and sumptuously rebuilt, for the third time, by Domitian. The capitolium contained three temples within the same peristyle, or three cells parallel to each other, the partition walls of which were common, and all under the same roof. In the centre was the seat of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, called cella Jovis. That of Minerva was on the right, and that of Juno upon the left. The representation of the capitolium in the cut is taken from a medal. CAMARB AR Capitoline Temple. the capsa and scrinium, except that the latter word was usually applied to those boxes which held a considerable number of rolls. The slaves who had the charge of these book-chests were called capsarii, and also custodes scriniorum; and the slaves who carried in a capsa behind their young masters the books, &c., of the sons of respectable Romans, when they went to school, were called by the same name. CAPSA'RII, the name of three different classes of slaves. [BALNEUM; CAPSA.] CAPUT, the head. The term "head" is often used by the Roman writers as equivalent to "person," or "human being." By an easy transition it was used to signify "life :" thus, capite damnari, plecti, &c., are equivalent to capital punishment. Caput is also used to express a man's status, or civil condition; and the persons who were registered in the tables of the censor are spoken of as capita, sometimes with the addi3. Capitolium is sometimes put for the tion of the word civium, and sometimes not. whole Capitoline mount, including both sum-Thus to be registered in the census was the mits of the mountain. Sometimes it is used to designate one only of the summits, and that one apparently distinct from the arx, which obscurity is further increased, because, on the other hand, arx is sometimes put for the whole mount, and at others for one of the summits only. There were three approaches from the Forum to the Mons Capitolinus. The first was by a flight of 100 steps, which led directly to the side of the Tarpeian rock. The other two were the clivus Capitolinus and clivus Asyli, one of which entered on the north, and the other on the south side of the intermontium. CAPSA, or SCRI'NIUM, a box for holding books among the Romans. These boxes same thing as caput habere: and a slave and a filius familias, in this sense of the word, were said to have no caput. The sixth class of Servius Tullius comprised the proletarii and the capite censi, of whom the latter, having little or no property, were barely rated as so many head of citizens. He who lost or changed his status was said to be capite minutus, deminutus, or capitis minor. Capitis minutio or deminutio was a change of a person's status or civil condition, and consisted of three kinds. A Roman citizen possessed freedom (libertas), citizenship, (civitas), and family (familias): the loss of all three constituted the maxima capitis deminutio. This capitis deminutio was sustained by those |