Antefixa. ANTENNA, (kɛpaía, képas), the yard of a ship. The ships of the ancients had a single mast in the middle, and a square sail, to raise and support which a transverse pole, or yard (antenna), was extended across the mast, not far from the top. To the two extremities of the yard (cornua, άкрокéρаιa), ropes (funes) were attached, which passed over the top of the mast, and thus supported the yard: these ropes were called ceruchi. Sometimes the yard had two, and at other times four ceruchi, as in the annexed cut. Velata Antenna. ANTEPILA'NI. "[EXERCITUS.] ANTESIGNA'NI appear to have been a body of troops, selected for the defence of the standard (signum), before which they were stationed. They were not light troops, as some have supposed, and they were probably selected for this duty on occount of their bravery and experience in war. ANTIDOSIS (àvτídoσiç), in its literal and general meaning," an exchange," was, in the language of the Attic courts, peculiarly applied to proceedings under a law which is said to have originated with Solon. By this, a citizen nominated to perform a leiturgia, such as a trierarchy or choregia, or to rank among the property-tax payers, in a class disproportioned to his means, was empowered to call upon any qualified person not so charged to take the office in his stead, or submit to a complete exchange of property, the charge in question of course attaching to the first party, if the exchange were finally effected. For the proceedings the courts were opened at a stated time every year by the magistrates that had official cognizance of the particular subject ; such as the strategi in cases of trierarchy and rating to the property-taxes, and the archon in those of choregia. ANTIGRAPHE (avriyрapń), originally (αντιγραφή), signified the writing put in by the defendant, his "plea" in all causes whether public or private, in answer to the indictment or bill of the prosecutor. It is, however, also applied to the bill or indictment of the plaintiff or accuser. A'NTLIA (ǎvтλia), any machine for raising water, a pump. The most important of these machines were:-1. The tympanum; a tread-wheel, wrought by men treading on it. 2. A wheel having wooden boxes or buckets, so arranged as to form steps for those who trod the wheel. 3. The chain pump. 4. The cochlea, or Archimedes's screw. 5. The ctesibica machina, APATURIA. ANTYX (ůvтv§), the rim or border of any thing, especially of a shield or chariot. The rim of the large round shield of the ancient Greeks, was thinner than the part which it enclosed but on the other hand, the antyx of a chariot must have been thicker than the body to which it gave both form and strength. or forcing pump. Criminals were condemned | day was the most important; for on that day, to the antlia or tread-mill. children born in that year, in the families of the phratriae, or such as were not yet registered, were taken by their fathers, or in their absence by their representatives (kúpɩoi), before the assembled members of the phratria. For every child a sheep or a goat was sacrificed. The father, or he who supplied his place, was obliged to establish by oath that the child was the offspring of free-born parents, and citizens of Athens. After the victim was sacrificed, the phratores gave their votes, which they took from the altar of Jupiter Phratrius. When the majority voted against the reception, the cause might be tried before one of the courts of Athens; and if the claims of the child were found unobjectionable, its name, as well as that of the father, was entered into the register of the phratria, and those who had wished to effect the exclusion of the child were liable to be punished. In front of the chariot the antyx was often raised above the body, into the form of a curvature, which served the purpose of a hook to hang the reins upon. Antyx of a Chariot. APAGO'GE (аñaуwyń), a summary process, allowed in certain cases by the Athenian law. The term denotes not merely the act of apprehending a culprit caught in ipso facto, but also the written information delivered to the magistrate, urging his apprehension. The cases in which the apagogé was most generally allowed were those of theft, murder, ill-usage of parents, &c. sus. APATÚ ́RIA (¿лαтоúρια) was a political festival, which the Athenians had in common with all the Greeks of the Ionian name, with the exception of those of Colophon and EpheIt was celebrated in the month of Pyanepsion, and lasted for three days. The name ἀπατούρια is not derived from ἀπατᾶν, to deceive, but is composed of å=äμa, and πаτúρiα, which is perfectly consistent with what Xenophon says of the festival, that when it is celebrated the fathers and relations assemble together. According to this derivation, it is the festival at which the phratriae met to discuss and settle their own affairs. But, as every citizen was a member of a phratria, the festival extended over the whole nation, who assembled according to phratriae. The festival lasted three days. The third APERTA NAVIS. [APHRACTUS.] APEX, a cap worn by the flamines and salii at Rome. The essential part of the apex, to which alone the name properly belonged, was a pointed piece of olive-wood, the base of which was surrounded with a lock of wool. This was worn on the top of the head, and was held there either by fillets only, or, as was more commonly the case, by the aid of a cap which fitted the head, and was also fastened by means of two strings or bands. Apices, Caps worn by the Salii. APHRACTUS (άóрактоs vаus), called (ἄφρακτος also navis aperta, a ship which had no deck, but was merely covered with planks in the front and hinder part, as is represented in APHRODI'SIA ('Aopodioia), were festivals celebrated in honour of Aphrodité (Venus), in a great number of towns in Greece, but particularly in the island of Cyprus. Her most ancient temple was at Paphos. No bloody sacrifices were allowed to be offered to her, but only pure fire, flowers, and incense. APLUSTRE (ãoλaσтov), an ornament of wooden planks, which constituted the highest part of the poop (prumnis) of a ship. From the representations of two ancient ships annexed, we see the position of the aplustre. It rose immediately behind the gubernator, who held the rudder and guided the ship, and it served in some degree to protect him from the wind and the rain. Aplustre. At the junction of the aplustre with the stern, on which it was based, we commonly observe an ornament resembling a circular shield; this was called doπidetov or ȧoπidíσkŋ. It is seen on the two aplustria here represented. Aplustre. APODECTAE (άлоdéктαι), рublic officers at Athens, who were introduced by Cleisthenes in the place of the ancient colacretae (kwλakpéтai). ́ They were ten in number, one for each tribe, and their duty was to collect all the ordinary taxes, and distribute them among the separate branches of the administration which were entitled to them. list, or register;" signified also, 1. An accusaAPOGRAPHE (arоyрapń), literally "a tion in public matters, more particularly when there were several defendants. It differed but little, if at all, from the ordinary graphé. 2. A solemn protest or assertion before a magistrate, to the intent that it might be preserved by him till it was required to be given in evidence. 3. A specification of property, said to belong to the state, but actually in the possession of a private person; which specification was made with a view to the confiscation of such property to the state. APOLLINARES LUDI. [LUDI APOLLI NARES.] APOPHORE TA (άπодóρητa) were presents, which were given to friends at the end of an entertainment to take home with them. These presents appear to have been usually given on festival days, especially during the Saturnalia. APOSTOLEUS (άñoσтoλɛús), the name of a public officer at Athens. There were ten magistrates of this name and their duty was to see that the ships were properly equipped and provided by those who were bound APOTHEOSIS. to discharge the trierarchy. They had the power, in certain cases, of imprisoning the trierarchs who neglected to furnish the ships properly. APOTHECA (άжоðýкη), a place in the upper part of the house, in which the Romans frequently placed the earthen amphorae in which their wines were deposited. This place, which was quite different from the cella vinaria, was above the fumarium; since it was thought that the passage of the smoke through the room tended greatly to increase the flavour of the wine. APOTHEO'SIS (àπоléwσiç), the enrolment of a mortal among the gods. The mythology of Greece contains numerous instances of the deification of mortals; but in the republican times of Greece we find few examples of such deification. The inhabitants of Amphipolis, however, offered sacrifices to Brasidas after his death. In the Greek kingdoms, which arose in the East on the dismemberment of the empire of Alexander, it appears to have been not uncommon for the successor to the throne to offer divine honours to the former sovereign. Such an apotheosis of Ptolemy, king of Egypt, is described by Theocritus in his 17th Idyl. The term apotheosis, among the Romans, properly signified the elevation of a deceased emperor to divine honours. This practice, which was common upon the death of almost | all the emperors, appears to have arisen from the opinion which was generally entertained among the Romans, that the souls or manes of their ancestors became deities; and as it was common for children to worship the manes of their fathers, so it was natural for divine honours to be publicly paid to a deceased emperor, who was regarded as the parent of his country. This apotheosis of an emperor was usually called consecratio; and the emperor who received the honour of an apotheosis was usually said in deorum numerum referri, or consecrari, and whenever he is spoken of after his death, the title of divus is prefixed to his name. The funeral pile on which the body of the deceased emperor was burnt, was constructed of several stories in the form of chambers rising one above another, and in the highest an eagle was placed, which was let loose as the fire began to burn, and which was supposed to carry the soul of the emperor from earth to heaven. The following wood-cut is taken from an agate, which is supposed to represent the apotheosis of Germanicus. In his left hand he holds the cornucopia, and Victory is placing a laurel crown upon his head. APPA'RITOR, the general name for a public servant of the magistrates at Rome, namely the ACCENSUS, CARNIFEX, COACTOR, INTERPRES, LICTOR, PRAECO, SCRIBA, STATOR, VIATOR, of whom an account is given in separate articles. They were called apparitores because they were at hand to execute the commands of the magistrates (quod iis apparebant). Their service or attendance was called apparitio. APPELLATIO, appeal. 1. GREEK (ĕOEOIS or ȧvadıкía). Owing to the constitution of the Athenian tribunals, each of which was generally appropriated to its peculiar subjects of cognizance, and therefore could not be considered as homogeneous with or subordinate to any other, there was little opportunity for bringing appeals properly so called. It is to be observed also, that in general a cause was finally and irrevocably decided by the verdict of the dicasts (díkη AVTOTEλŃs). There were only a few exceptions in which appeals and new trials might be resorted to. 2. ROMAN. The word appellatio, and the corresponding verb appellare, are used in the early Roman writers to express the application of an individual to a magistrate, and particularly to a tribune, in order to protect himself from some wrong inflicted, or threatened to be inflicted. It is distinguished from provocatio, which in the early writers is used to signify an appeal to the populus in a matter affecting life. It would seem that the provocatio was an ancient right of the Roman citizens. The surviving Horatius, who murdered his sister, appealed from the duumviri to the populus. The decemviri took away the provocatio; but it was restored by the Lex Valeria et Horatia, B. C. 449, in the year after the decemvirate, and it was at the same tim enacted, that in future no magistrate should be made from whom there should be no appeal. On this Livy remarks, that the plebs were now protected by the provocatio and the tribunicium auxilium; this latter term has reference to the appellatio properly so called. The complete phrase to express the provocatio is provocare ad populum; and the phrase which expresses the appellatio is appellare ad, &c. AQUAE DUCTUS, signifies an artificial channel or watercourse, by which a supply of water is brought from a considerable distance, upon an inclined plane raised on arches, and carried across valleys and uneven country, and occasionally under ground, where hills or rocks intervene. As nearly all the ancient aquaeducts now remaining are of Roman construction, it has been generally imagined that works of this description were entirely unknown to the Greeks. This, however, is an error, since some are mentioned by Pausanias and others, though too briefly to enable us to judge of their particular construction. Probably those which have been recorded-such as that built by Peisistratus at Athens, that at Megara, and the celebrated one of Polycrates at Samoswere rather conduits than ranges of building like the Roman ones. Of the latter, few were constructed in the times of the republic. It was not until about B. C. 311, that any were erected, the inhabitants supplying themselves up to that time with water from the Tiber, or making use of cisterns or springs. The first aquaeduct was begun by App. Claudius the censor, and was named after him, the Aqua Appia. Subsequently seven or eight aquaeducts were built, which brought an abundant supply of water to Rome. The specus, or water channel, was formed either of stone or brick coated with cement, and was arched over at top, in order to exclude the sun, on which account there were apertures or ventholes at certain distances. The water, however, besides flowing through the specus, passed also through pipes, either of lead or burnt earth (terra-cotta). At the mouth and termination of every aquaeduct there was a large reservoir, called castellum, and there were usually also intermediate castella at certain distances along its course. The castellum at the mouth or opening into the aquaeduct was also called piscina limosa, because the water was collected in it, in order that it might first deposit its impurities. The principal castellum was that in which the aquaeduct terminated, and whence the water was conveyed by different branches and pipes to various parts of the city. ARA. During the times of the republic, the censors and aediles had the superintendence of the aquaeducts; but under the emperors par ticular officers were appointed for that purpose, under the title of curatores or praefecti aquarum. These officers were first created by Augustus, and were invested with considerable authority. In the time of Nerva and Trajan, about seven hundred architects and others were constantly employed, under the orders of the curatores aquarum, in attending to the aquaeducts. The officers who had charge of these works were, 1. The villici, whose duty it was to attend to the aquaeducts in their course to the city. 2. The castellarii, who had the superintendence of all the castella both within and without the city. The circuitores, so called because they had to go from post to post, to examine into the state of the works, and also to keep watch over the labourers employed upon them. 4. The silicarii, or paviours. 5. The tectores, or plasterers. All these officers appear to have been included under the general term of aquarii. 3. AQUAE ET IGNIS INTERDICTIO. [EXSILIUM.] AQUA RII, slaves who carried water for bathing, &c. into the female apartments. The aquarii were also public officers who attended to the aquaeducts. [AQUAE DUCTUS.] AQUÊDUCT. [AQUAE DUCTUS.] A'QUILA. [SIGNA MILITARIA.] ARA (ẞwμós Ovrýpɩov), an altar. Ara was a general term denoting any structure elevated above the ground, and used to receive upon it offerings made to the gods. Altare, probably contracted from alta ara, was properly restricted to the larger, higher, and more expensive structures. Four specimens of ancient altars are given below; the two in the former wood-cut are Arae, Altars. square, and those in the latter round, which is the less common form. At the top of three of these altars we see the hole intended to receive the fire (coxapís, έoxúpa): the fourth was probably in |