p, The wall or podium inclosing it.

P, The podium itself, on which were chairs, or seats, for the senators, &c.

M', The first maenianum, or slope of benches, for the equestrian order.

M". The second maenianum.

M", The third maenianum, elevated considerably above the preceding one, and appropriated to the pullati.

w, The colonnade, or gallery, which contained seats for women.

z, The narrow gallery round the summit of the interior, for the attendants who worked the velarium.

pr, pr, The praecinctiones, or landings, at the top of the first and second maenianum; in the pavement of which were grated apertures, at intervals, to admit light into the vomitoria beneath them.

v v v v, Vomitoria.

Amphorae.

was let into a stand or stuck in the ground, so that the vessel stood upright several amphorae have been found in this position in the cellars at Pompeii. Amphorae were commonly made of earthenware. Homer mentions amphorae of gold and stone, and the Egyptians had them of brass; glass vessels of this form have been found at Pompeii.

The most common use of the amphora, both among the Greeks and the Romans, was for keeping wine. The cork was covered with pitch or gypsum, and (among the Romans) on the outside the title of the wine was painted, the date of the vintage being marked by the names of the consuls then in office; or, when the jars were of glass, little tickets (pittoria, tesserae) were suspended from them, indicating these particulars.

ANACRISIS.

ΑΜΡΥΧ (άμπυξ, ἀμπυκτῆρ, Lat. frontale), a frontal, a broad band or plate of metal, which ladies of rank wore above the forehead as part of the head-dress. The frontal of a horse was called by the same name. The annexed cut exhibits the frontal on the head of Pegasus, in contrast with the corresponding ornament as shown on the heads of two females.

Ampyces, Frontlets.

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AMPULLA (λήκυθος, βομβύλιος), a bottle, usually made among the Romans, either of glass or earthenware, rarely of more valuable materials. The dealer in bottles was called ampullarius.

AMULETUM (περίαπτον, περίαμμα, φυλακτήριον), an amulet.

This word in Arabic (hamalet) means that which is suspended. It was probably brought by Arabian merchants, together with the articles to which it was applied, when they were imported into Europe from the East.

A

An amulet was any object-a stone, a plant, an artificial production, or a piece of writing -which was suspended from the neck, or tied to any part of the body, for the purpose of warding off calamities and securing advantages of any kind. Faith in the virtues of amulets was alınost universal in the ancient world, so that the whole art of medicine consisted in a very considerable degree of directions for their application.

ANACEIA ('Ανάκεια, or 'Ανάκειον), a fes tival of the Dioscuri or Anactes ("Avaktɛç) as they were called at Athens. These heroes, however, received the most distinguished honours in the Dorian and Achaean states, where it may be supposed that every town celebrated a festival in their honour, though not under the name of Anaceia.

ANA CRISIS (åvákpioiç), an examination, was used to signify the pleadings preparatory to a trial at Athens, the object of which was

or

ANCILE.

to determine, generally, if the action would lie. The magistrates were said ȧvaкpívɛiv τὴν δίκην οι τοὺς ἀντιδίκους, and the parties avaкpívεobaι. The process consisted in the production of proofs, of which there were five kinds-1. the laws; 2. written documents; 3. testimonies of witnesses present (uaρrvpiai). or affidavits of absent witnesses (Eкμαρτνрíαι); 4. depositions of slaves extorted by the rack; 5. the oath of the parties. All these proofs were committed to writing, and placed in a box secured by a seal (¿xivos) till they were produced at the trial.

If the evidence produced at the anacrisis was so clear and convincing that there could not remain any doubt, the magistrate could decide the question without sending the cause to be tried before the dicasts: this was called diamartyria (diapapтvpía). The archons were the proper officers for holding the anacrisis; they are represented by Athena (Minerva), in the Eumenides of Aeschylus, where there is a poetical sketch of the process in the law

the Roman state would endure so long as this shield remained in Rome. To secure its preservation in the city, Numa ordered eleven other shields, exactly like it, to be made by the armourer, Mamurius Veturius, and twelve priests of Mars Gradivus were appointed under the denomination of Salii, whose office it was to preserve the twelve ancilia. They were kept in the temple of that divinity, on the Palatine mount, and were taken from it only once a year, on the calends of March. The feast of the god was then observed during several days; when the Salii carried their shields about the city, singing songs in praise of Mars, Numa, and Mamurius Veturius, and at the same time performing a dance, which probably in some degree resembled our morris dances, and in which they struck the shields with rods, so as to keep time with their voices, and with the movements of their dance. The preceding cut shows one of these rods, as represented on the tomb of a pontifex salius, or chief of the Salii.

A ́NCORA (ǎукupa), an anchor.

The anchor used by the ancients was for the most part made of iron, and its form resembled that of the modern anchor. The shape of the two extremities illustrates the unco morsu and dente tenaci of Virgil. Indeed, the Greek and

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Ancora.

Latin names themselves express the essential property of the anchor being allied to ἀγκύλος, úуkáv, angulus, uncus, &c.

The anchor as here represented and as commonly used, was called bidens, διπλῆ, ἀμφίβολος οι αμφίστομος, because it had two teeth or flukes. Sometimes it had one only, and then it had the epithet &repóσroμoç. The following expressions were used for the three principal processes in managing the anchor :Ancoram solvere, ἄγκυραν χαλᾶν, to loose the anchor. Ancoram jacere, βάλλειν, ῥίπτειν, to cast anchor. Ancoram tollere, αἴρειν, ἀναιρεῖ σθαι, ἀνάσπασθαι, to weigh anchor. Hence aipei by itself meant to set sail, üyкvρav beαἴρειν ἄγκυραν ing understood.

human hand had brought it there, it was concluded that it had been sent from heaven. At the same time, the haruspices declared that

The anchor usually lay on the deck, and was

24

ANNULUS.

ANQUISITIO.

ANDABATA. [GLADIATOR.]

ANDROLEPSIA or ANDRŎLEPS'ION (ἀνδροληψία or ἀνδρολήψιον), the right of reprisals, a custom recognized by the international law of the Greeks, that, when a citizen of one state had killed a citizen of another, and the countrymen of the former would not surrender him to the relatives of the deceased, it should be lawful to seize upon three, and not more, of the countrymen of the offender, and keep them as hostages till satisfaction was afforded, or the homicide given up.

ANGUSTICLA'VII. [CLAVUS.] ANNO ́NA (from annus, like pomona from pomum). 1. The produce of the year in corn, fruit, wine, &c., and hence, 2. Provisions in general, especially the corn, which, in the later years of the republic, was collected in the storehouses of the state, and sold to the poor at a cheap rate in times of scarcity; and which, under the emperors, was distributed to the people gratuitously, or given as pay and rewards. 3. The price of provisions. 4. A soldier's allowance of provisions for a certain time. It is used also in the plural for yearly or monthly distributions of pay in corn, &c. AʼNNULUS (daктúλɩoç), a ring.

It is probable that the custom of wearing rings was introduced into Greece from Asia, where it appears to have been almost universal. They were worn not merely as ornaments, but as articles for use, as the ring always served as a seal. A seal was called sphragis (oopayiç), and hence this name was given to the ring itself, and also to the gem or stone for a ring in which figures were en

on the fourth finger (παράμεσος).

At Rome, the custom of wearing rings was believed to have been introduced by the Sabines, whowere described in the early legends as wearing golden rings with precious stones of great beauty. But whenever introduced at Rome, it is certain that they were at first always of iron; that they were destined for the same purpose as in Greece, namely, to be used as seals; and that every free Roman had a right to use such a ring. This iron ring was worn down to the last period of the republic by such men as loved the simplicity of the good old times. In the course of time, however, it became customary for all the senators, chief magistrates, and at last for the equites also, to wear a golden sal-ring. The right of wearing a gold ring, which was subsequently called the jus annuli aurɛi, or the jus annulorum, remained for several centuries at Rome the exclusive privilege of senators, magistrates, and equites, while all other persons continued

to wear iron ones.

During the empire the right of granting the annulus aureus belonged to the emperors, and some of them were not very scrupulous in conferring this privilege. The emperors Severus and Aurelian conferred the right of wearing golden rings upon all Roman soldiers; and Justinian at length allowed all the citizens of the empire, whether ingenui or libertini, to wear such rings.

During the republic, and the early times of the empire, the jus annuli seems to have made a person ingenuus (if he was a libertus), and to have raised him to the rank of eques, provided he had the requisite equestrian census, and it was probably never granted to any one who did not possess this census. Those who lost their property, or were found guilty of a criminal offence, lost the jus annuli.

The signs engraved upon rings were very various: they were portraits of ancestors or of friends, subjects connected with mythology; and in many cases a person had engraved upon his seal symbolical allusion to the real or mythical history of his family. The part of the ring which contained the gem was called pala.

With the increasing love of luxury and show, the Romans, as well as the Greeks, covered their fingers with rings. Some persons also wore rings of immoderate size, and others used different rings for summer and winter.

ANNUS. [CALENDARIUM.]

ANQUISITIO, signified, in criminal trials at Rome, the investigation of the facts of the case with reference to the penalty that was

ANTAE.

to be imposed: accordingly the phrases pecunia capitis, or capitis anquirere are used. Under the emperors the term anquisitiv lost its original meaning, and was employed to indicate an accusation in general; in which sense it also occurs even in the times of the republic.

ΑΝΤΑΕ (παραστάδες), square pillars, which were commonly joined to the sidewalls of a building, being placed on each side of the door, so as to assist in forming the portico. These terms are seldom found except in the plural; because the purpose served by antae required that they should be erected corresponding to each other, and supporting the extremities of the same roof. Their position and form will be best understood from the cut, in which AA are the antae. The temple in antis was one of the simplest kind. It had in front antae attached to the walls which inclosed the cella; and in the middle, between the antae, two columns supporting the architrave. The following is a specimen of the temple in antis, together with a plan of the pronaos.

ANTEAMBULO'NES, slaves who were accustomed to go before their masters, in order to make way for them through the crowd. The term anteambulones was also given to the clients, who were accustomed to walk before their patroni, when the latter appeared in public.

ANTECESSO ́RES, called also ANTECURSORES, horse-soldiers, who were accustomed to precede an army on march, in order to choose a suitable place for the camp, and to make the necessary provisions for the army. They do not appear to have been merely scouts, like the speculatores.

ANTEFIXA, terra-cottas, which exhibited various ornamental designs, and were used in architecture to cover the frieze (zophorus) of the entablature.

These terra-cottas do not appear to have been used among the Greeks, but were probably Etruscan in their origin, and were thence taken for the decoration of Roman buildings.

The name antefixa is evidently derived from the circumstance that they were fixed before the buildings which they adorned. Cato, the censor, complained that the Romans of his time began to despise ornaments of this description, and to prefer the marble friezes of Athens and Corinth. The rising taste which Cato deplored may account for the superior beauty of the antefixa preserved in the British Museum, which were discovered at Rome.

Antefixa representing Minerva superintending the construction of the Ship Argo.

The two imperfect antefixa that follow, are by Carloni. (Roma, 1785.)

altar.

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