LIBRA. LICTOR. 201 uncial division, which has been noticed As or Libra Grs. Unciae. Oz. 12112 60. 45 11 103 64, 54 Decuncis 10 91 38. 50 5C Deunx The title of the book (titulus, index) was written on a small strip of papyrus or parch-i peaking of the coin As, was also applied ment with a light red colour (coccum or minium.) to the weight. The following table shows LIBERA ́LIA. [DIONYSIA, p. 120.] the divisions of the pound, with their value in LI'BERI. [INGENUI; LIBERTUS.] ounces and grains, avoirdupois weight. LIBERTUS, LIBERTINUS. Freemen (liberi) were either Ingenui [INGENUI] or Libertini. Libertini were those persons who had been released from legal servitude. A manumitted slave was Libertus (that is, liberatus) with reference to his master: with reference to the class to which he belonged after manumission, he was Libertinus. Respecting the mode in which a slave was manumitted, and his status after manumission, see MANUMISSIO. At Athens, a liberated slave was called ἀπελεύθερος. When manumitted he did not obtain the citizenship, but was regarded as a metoicus [METOICUS], and, as such, he had to pay not only the metoicion (uɛTOíkιov), but a triobolon in addition to it. His former master became his patron (πроστútηs), to whom he owed certain duties. LIBITINA'RII. [FUNUS, p. 161.] LIBRA, dim. LIBELLA (σтaluóç), a balance, a pair of scales. The principal parts of this instrument were: 1. The beam (jugum). 2. The two scales, called in Greek rúλuvrα, and in Latin lances. The beam was made without a tongue, being held by a ring or other appendage (ligula, põua), fixed in the centre. The annexed woodcut represents Mercury and Apollo engaged in exploring the fates of Achilles and Memnon, by weighing the attendant genius of the one against that of the other. Quadrans or Teruncius 6543 4 3 93. 14 The divisions of the ounce are given under UNCIA. Where the word pondo, or its abbreviations P. or POND., occur with a simple number, the weight understood is the libra. The name libra was also given to a measure of horn, divided into twelve equal parts (unciae) by lines marked on it, and used for measuring oil. LIBRA RII, the name of slaves, who were employed by their masters in writing or copying, sometimes called antiquarii. They must be distinguished from the Scribae publici, who were freemen [SCRIBAE], and also from the booksellers [BIBLIOPOLA], to both of whom this name was also applied. LIBRARIES. [BIBLIOTHECA.] LIBURNA, LIBU ́RNICA, a light vessel, which derived its name from the Liburni. The ships of this people were of great assistance to Augustus at the battle of Actium; and experience having shown their efficiency, vessels of a similar kind were built and called by the name of the people. LICTOR, a public officer, who attended on the chief Roman magistrates. The number which waited on the different magistrates is stated in the article FASCES. LIBRA or AS, a pound, the unit of weight those who were condemned, especially in the among the Romans and Italians. case of Roman citizens; for foreigners and το 202 LITUUS. LORICA. ence to divination (templum), into regions (regiones). It is very frequently exhibited upon works of art. The figure in the middle of the preceding illustrations is from an ancient specimen of Etruscan sculpture, representing an augur; the two others are Roman denarii. slaves were punished by the Carnifex; and they also probably had to assist in some cases in the execution of a decree or judgment in a civil suit. The lictors likewise commanded persons to pay proper respect to a magistrate passing by, which consisted in dismounting from horseback, uncovering the head, stand-2. A sort of trumpet slightly curved at the exing out of the way, &c. The lictors were originally chosen from the plebs, but afterwards appear to have been generally freedmen, probably of the magistrate on whom they attended. Lictors were properly only granted to those magistrates who had the Imperium. Consequently, the tribunes of the plebs never had lictors, nor several of the other magistrates. Sometimes, however, lictors were granted to persons as a mark of respect or for the sake of protection. Thus by a law of the Triumvirs every vestal virgin was accompanied by a lictor, whenever she went out, and the honour of one or two lictors was usually granted to the wives and other female members of the Imperial family. There were also thirty lictors called Lictores Curiati, whose duty it was to summon the curiae to the comitia curiata; and when these meetings became little more than a form, their suffrages were represented by the thirty lictors. tremity. It differed both from the tuba and the cornu, the former being straight, while the latter was bent round into a spiral shape. Its tones are usually characterized as harsh and shrill. Lituus, Trumpet. LIXAE. [CALONES.] LODIX, a small shaggy blanket. It was also used as a carpet. LOGISTAE. [EUTHYNE.] LORICA (0wpağ), a cuirass. The cuirass was worn by the heavy-armed infantry both among the Greeks and Romans. The soldiers commonly wore cuirasses made of flexible bands of steel, or cuirasses of chain mail; but those of generals and officers usually consisted of two yúaha, the breast-piece and back-piece, made of bronze, iron, &c., which were joined by means of buckles (Tεpóvaι). The epithets 2ɛridwrós and poλidwrós are Lorica as worn by a Roman Emperor. LOTS. [SORTES.] LUCERNA (2λúxvoç) an oil lamp. The Greeks and Romans originally used candles; but in later times candles were chiefly confined to the houses of the lower classes. [CANDELA.] A great number of ancient lamps has come down to us; the greater part of which are made of terra cotta, but also a considerable number of bronze. Most of the lamps are of an oval form, and flat upon the top, on which there are frequently figures in relief. In the lamps there are one or more round holes, according to the number of wicks (ellychnia) burnt in it; and as these holes were called from an obvious analogy, μνктñрεs or μúžai, literally nostrils or nozzles, the lamp was also called Monomyxos, Dimyxos, Trimyxos, or Polymyxos, according as it contained one, two, three, or a greater number of Lorica as worn by a Greek Warrior. nozzles or holes for the wicks. The following is an example of a dimyxos lucerna, upon which there is a winged boy with a goose. Lucerna, Lamp. The next woodcut represents one of the most beautiful bronze lamps which has yet been found. Upon it is the figure of a stand ing Silenus, 204 Lucerna, Lamp. LUDI. The lamps sometimes hung in chains from the ceiling of the room, but they generally stood upon a stand. [CANDELABRUM.] LUCTA, LUCтА'ТIO (πúλŋ, πúñαιoμa, πάλαισμα, mahaιoμoσývn, or KataẞλnτikŃ), wrestling. παλαισμοσύνη, καταβλητική), The Greeks ascribed the invention of wrestling to mythical personages, and Mercury, the god of all gymnastic exercises, also presided over wrestling. In the Homeric age wrestling was much practised: during this period wrestlers contended naked, and only the loins were covered with the perizoma (Tɛρiwμa), and this custom probably remained throughout Greece until Ol. 15, from which time the perizoma was no longer used, and wrestlers fought entirely naked. In the Homeric age the custom of anointing the body for the purpose of wrestling does not appear to have been known, but in the time of Solon it was quite general, and was said to have been adopted by the Cretans and Lacedaemonians at a very early period. After the body was anointed, it was strewed over with sand or dust, in order to enable the wrestlers to take a firm hold of each other. If one combatant threw the other down three times, the victory was decided. Wrestling was practised in all the great games of the Greeks. The most renowned wrestler was Milon, of Croton. [PANCRATIUM.] LUDI, the common name for the whole variety of games and contests which were held at Rome on various occasions, but chiefly at the festivals of the gods; and as the ludi at certain festivals formed the principal part of the solemnities, these festivals themselves are called ludi. Sometimes ludi were also eld in honour of a magistrate or a deceased person, in which case they may be considered as ludi privati. All ludi were divided by the Romans into two classes, ludi circenses and ludi scenici, accordingly as they were held in the circus or in the theatre; in the latter case they were mostly theatrical representations with their various modifications; in the former they consisted of all or of a part of the games enumerated in the articles CIRCUS and GLADIATORES. Another division of the ludi into stati, imperativi, and votivi, is analogous to the division of the feriae. [FERIAE.] The superintendence of the games, and the solemnities connected with them, was in most cases entrusted to the aediles. [AEDILES.] If the lawful rites were not observed in the celebration of the ludi, it depended upon the decision of the pontiffs whether they were to be held again (instaurari) or not. An alphabetical list of the principal ludi is subjoined. LUDI APOLLINARES were instituted at Rome during the second Punic war, after the battle of Cannae (212 B. C.), at the command of an oracle contained in the books of the ancient seer Marcius, in order to obtain the aid of Apollo. They were held every year under the superintendence of the praetor urbanus, and ten men sacrificed to Apollo, according to Greek rites, a bull with gilt horns and two white goats also with gilt horns, and to Latona a heifer with gilt horns. The games themselves were held in the Circus Maximus, the spectators were adorned with chaplets, and each citizen gave a contribution towards defraying the expenses. In B. c. 208, it was ordained that they should always be celebrated on the 6th of July. LUDI AUGUSTALES. [AUGUSTALES.] LUDI CAPITOLINI were instituted B. c. 387, after the departure of the Gauls from Rome, as a token of gratitude towards Jupiter Capitolinus, who had saved the capitol in the hour of danger. The superintendence of the games was entrusted to a college of priests called Capitolini. LUDI CIRCENSES, ROMANI or MAGNI, were celebrated every year during several days, from the fourth to the twelfth of September, in honour of the three great divinities, Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, or, according to others, in honour of Jupiter, Consus, and Neptunus Equestris. They were superintended by the curule aediles. For further particulars see CIRCUS. LUDI COMPITALICII. [COMPITALIA.] LUDI FUNEBRES were games celebrated at the funeral pyre of illustrious persons. Such games are mentioned in the very early legends LUDI. LUPERCALIA. 205 of the history of Greece and Rome, and they | Ceres, Vulcan, Mars, Diana, Vesta, Hercules, continued with various modifications until the introduction of Christianity. It was at such a ludus funebris, in B, C. 264, that gladiatorial fights were exhibited at Rome for the first time, which henceforwards were the most essential part in all funeral games. [GLADIATORES.] LUDI LIBERALES. [DIONYSIA.] LUDI PLEBEII were instituted probably in commemoration of the reconciliation between the patricians and plebeians after the first secession to the mons sacer, or, according to others, to the Aventine. They were held on the 16th, 17th, and 18th of November, and were conducted by the plebeian aediles. LUDI SAECULARES. During the time of the republic these games were called ludi Tarentini, Terentini, or Taurii, and it was not till the time of Augustus that they bore the name of ludi saeculares. The names Tarenti or Taurii are perhaps nothing but different forms of the same word, and of the same root as Tarquinius. There were various accounts respecting the origin of the games, yet all agree in stating that they were celebrated for the purpose of averting from the state some great calamity by which it had been afflicted, and that they were held in honour of Dis and Proserpina. From the time of the consul Valerius Poplicola down to that of Augustus, the Tarentine games were held only three times, and again only on certain emergencies, and not at any fixed period, so that we must conclude that their celebration was in no way connected with certain cycles of time (saecula). Not long after Augustus had assumed the supreme power in the republic, the quindecimviri announced that according to their books ludi saeculares ought to be held, and at the same time tried to prove from history that in former times they had not only been celebrated repeatedly, but almost regularly once in every century. Latona, the Parcae, and to Dis and Proserpina. The solemnities began at the second hour of the night, and the emperor opened them by the river side with the sacrifice of three lambs to the Parcae upon three altars erected for the purpose, and which were sprinkled with the blood of the victims. The lambs themselves were burnt. A temporary scene like that of a theatre was erected in the Tarentum, and illuminated with lights and fires. In this scene festive hymns were sung by a chorus, and various other ceremonies, together with theatrical performances, took place. During the morning of the first day the people went to the capitol to offer solemn sacrifices to Jupiter; thence they returned to the Tarentum, to sing choruses in honour of Apollo and Diana. On the second day the noblest matrons, at an hour fixed by an oracle, assembled on the Capitol, offered supplications, sang hymns to the gods, and also visited the altar of Juno. The emperor and the quindecimviri offered sacrifices which had been vowed before, to all the great divinities. On the third day, Greek and Latin choruses were sung in the sanctuary of Apollo by three times nine boys and maidens of great beauty whose parents were still alive. The object of these hymns was to implore the protection of the gods for all cities, towns, and officers of the empire. One of these hymnns was the carmen saeculare by Horace, which was especially composed for the occasion and adapted to the circumstances of the time. During the whole of the three days and nights, games of every description were carried on in all the circuses and theatres, and sacrifices were offered in all the temples. The first celebration of the ludi saeculares in the reign of Augustus took place in the summer of B. c. 17. LUDI TARENTINI or TAURII. [LUDI SAECULARES.] LUDUS. [GLADIATORES, p. 167.] The festival, however, which was now held, LUDUS TROJAE. [CIRCUs, p. 82.] was in reality very different from the ancient LUPERCAʼLIA, one of the most ancient Tarentine games; for Dis and Proserpina, to Roman festivals, which was celebrated every whom formerly the festival belonged exclu-year, in honour of Lupercus, the god of fertilsively, were now the last in the list of the di- ity. It was originally a shepherd-festival, and vinities in honour of whom the ludi saecula-hence its introduction at Rome was connected res were celebrated. The festival took place in summer, and lasted for three days and three nights. On the first day the games commenced in that part of the Campus Martius, which had belonged to the last Tarquin, from whom it derived its name Tarentum, and sacrifices were offered to Jupiter, Juno, Neptune, Minerva, Venus, Apollo, Mercury, S with the names of Romulus and Remus, the kings of shepherds. It was held every year, on the 15th of February, in the Lupercal, where Romulus and Remus were said to have been nurtured by the she-wolf; the place contained an altar and a grove sacred to the god Lupercus. Here the Luperci assembled on the day of the Lupercalia, and sacrificed to |