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CROTALUM.

the knees. It was worn principally by horse- | half of the sextarius or §éorŋç, and contained men, by hunters, and by men of rank and au- 6 cyathi, = .4955 of a pint English. thority. COUCHES. [LECTUS.] Respecting their use for reclining on at meals, see ACCUBATIO and TRICLINIUM.

The sole of the cothurnus was commonly of the ordinary thickness; but it was sometimes made much thicker than usual, probably by the insertion of slices of cork. The object was, to add to the apparent stature of the wearer; and this was done in the case of the actors in Athenian tragedy, who had the soles made unusually thick as one of the methods adopted in order to magnify their whole appearance. Hence tragedy in general was called cothurnus.

As the cothurnus was commonly worn in hunting, it is represented as part of the costume of Diana. The preceding cut shows two cothurni, both taken from statues of Diana.

COVINUS (Celtic, kowain), a kind of car, the spokes of which were armed with long sickles, and which was used as a scythe-chariot chiefly by the ancient Belgians and Britons. The Romans designated, by the name of covinus, a kind of travelling carriage, which seems to have been covered on all sides with the exception of the front. It had no seat for a driver, but was conducted by the traveller himself, who sat inside. The covinarii (this word occurs only in Tacitus) seem to have constituted a regular and distinct part of a British army. Compare ESSEDUM.

CRATER (крarýр, Ionic кρητýр, from кepúvvvμɩ, I mix), a vessel in which the wine according to the custom of the ancients, who very seldom drank it pure, was mixed with water, and from which the cups were filled.

Craters were among the first things on the embellishment of which the ancient artists exercised their skill; and the number of craters dedicated in temples seems everywhere to have been very great.

COTTABUS (KÓTTαẞoç), a social game which was introduced from Sicily into Greece, where it became one of the favourite amusements of young people after their repasts. The simplest way in which it originally was played was this:-One of the company threw out of a goblet a certain quantity of wine, at a certain distance, into a metal basin. While he was doing this, he either thought of or pronounced the name of his mistress; and if all the wine fell in the basin, and with a full sound, it was a good sign for the lover. This simple amusement soon assumed a variety of different characters, and became in some instances, a regular contest, with prizes for the victor. One of the most celebrated modes in which it was carried on is called δι' ὀξυβά CRITES (Kρinç) a judge, was the name owv. A basin was filled with water, with applied by the Greeks to any person who did small empty cups (öğúßapa) swimming upon not judge of a thing like a dikαorns, accordit. Into these the young men, one after an- ing to positive laws, but according to his own other, threw the remnant of the wine from sense of justice and equity. But at Athens a their goblets, and he who had the good for- number of κρtrai were chosen by ballot from tune to drown most of the bowls obtained the a number of selected candidates at every celprize, consisting either of simple cakes, sweet-ebration of the Dionysia, and were called of meats, or sesame-cakes.

COTYTTIA (KOTTÚTIα) a festival which was originally celebrated by the Edonians of Thrace, in honour of a goddess called Cotys or Cottyto. It was held at night. The worship of Cotys, together with the festival of Cotyttia, was adopted by several Greek states, chiefly those which were induced by their commercial interest to maintain friendly relations with Thrace. The festivals of this goddess were notorious among the ancients for the dissolute manner and the debaucheries with which they were celebrated.

COTYLA (KOTúλn), a measure of capacity among the Romans and Greeks: by the former it was also called hemina; by the latter, τρυβλίον and ἡμίνα or ἡμίμνα. It was the

CRE'PIDA (крηπíç), a slipper. Slippers were worn with the pallium, not with the toga, and were properly characteristic of the Greeks, though adopted from them by the Romans.

CRISTA. [GALEA.]

κριταί, κατ' ἐξοχήν. Their office was to judge of the merit of the different choruses and dramatic poems, and to award the prizes to the victors. Their number was five for comedy and the same number for tragedy, one being taken from every tribe.

CRO BYLUS. [CORYMBUS.]

CROCO'TA (sc. vestis, KρOKWTóv Sc. iμáτιον, or κροκωτός sc. χιτών), was a kind of gala-dress, chiefly worn by women on solemn occasions, and in Greece especially, at the festival of the Dionysia. Its name was derived from crocus, one of the favourite colours of the Greek ladies.

CROTALUM (κрóтaλov), a kind of cymbal. It appears to have been a split reed or cane, which clattered when shaken with the

hand. Women who played on the crotalum CULTER (μάχαιρα, κοπίς, οι σφαγίς), a were termed crotalistriae. The annexed cut knife with only one edge, which formed a represents one of these crotalistriae perform-straight line. The blade was pointed, and ing.

son of that tender age was liable to be imposed upon, the lex Plaetoria enacted that every person between the time of puberty and twenty-five years of age should be under the protection of a curator. The date of this lex is not known, though it is certain that the law existed when Plautus wrote (about B. C. 200), who speaks of it as the lex quina vicemaria. This law established a distinction of age, which was of great practical importance, by forming the citizens into two classes, those above and those below twenty-five years of age (minores viginti quinque annis). A person under the last-mentioned age was sometimes simply called minor. The object of the lex was to protect persons under twenty-five years of age against all fraud (dolus). A person who wasted his property (prodigus), and a person of unsound mind (furiosus, demens), were also placed under the care of a curator.

CURATO RES were public officers of various kinds under the Roman empire, such as the curatores annonae, the curatores ludorum, &c.

CU'RIA. [CURIO.]

CU'RIAE. [COMITIA CURIATA.]

CURIA TA ČOMI’TIA. [COMITIA.] CU'RIO. Each of the thirty curiae at Rome [COMITIA CURIATA] had a president called Curio, who performed the sacred rites, a participation in which served as a bond of union amongst the members. The Curiones themselves, forming a college of thirty priests, were presided over by the Curio Maximus. Moreover, each of these corporations had its common hall, called curia, in which the citizens met for religious and other purposes. But besides the halls of the old corporations, there were also other curiae at Rome, used for a variety of purposes; the most important of which was the curia in which the senate generally met; sometimes simply called curia, sometimes distinguished by the epithet Hostilia, as it was said to have been built by Tullus Hostilius.

CURSUS. [CIRCUS, p. 79.]

CURU'LIS SELLA. [SELLA.] CURRUS (äpμa), a chariot, a car. These terms appear to have denoted those twowheeled vehicles for the carriage of persons, which were open overhead, thus differing from the carpentum, and closed in front, in which they differed from the cisium. The most essential articles in the construction of the currus were, 1. The rim (vrv§) [ANTYX]. 2. The axle (ǎğwv, axis). 3. The wheels Kúкλα, троxoí, rotae), which revolved upon the axle, and were prevented from coming off by the insertion of pins (ußoλol) into the extremities of the axles. The parts of the wheel were:

(a) The nave (πλnμvn, modiolus). (b) The
spokes (kvñμai, literally, the legs, radii.) (c)
The felly (rus). (d) The tire (eniowτроv
canthus). 4. The pole (pvuós, temo).
All the parts above mentioned are seen in
the ancient chariot annexed.

Currus.

The Greeks and Romans appear never to have used more than one pole and one yoke, and the currus thus constructed was commonly drawn by two horses, which were attached to it by their necks, and therefore called divуeç iππоi, ovvwpic, gemini jugales, equi biδίζυγες ἵπποι, juges, &c. If a third horse was added, as was not unfrequently the case, it was fastened by traces. The horse so attached was called παρήορος, παράσειρος, σειραφόρος, in Latin, funalis, and is opposed to the (vyiraι or Çúyioi, the yoke-horses. The Latin name for a chariot and pair was biga. When a third horse was added, it was called triga; and by the same analogy a chariot and four was called quadriga; in Greek, TɛTрaopía or Télρiñkoç.

The horses were commonly harnessed in a quadriga after the manner already represented, the two strongest horses being placed under the yoke, and the two others fastened on each side by means of ropes. This is clearly seen in the two quadrigae in the next cut, especially in the one on the right hand. It represents a chariot overthrown in passing the goal at the circus. The charioteer having fallen backwards, the pole and yoke are thrown upwards into the air; the two tracehorses have fallen on their knees, and the

two yoke-horses are prancing on their hind | Sippoç. One of the two was of course the driver. He was called nvíoxos, because he held the reins, and his companion πapaιßárny from going by his side or near him.

Quadrigae.