The History of the Norman Conquest of England: The reign of Eadward the Confessor. 1868

Reasons for retaining the West-Saxon Earldom

Harold Earl of the West-Saxons; Ælfgar Earl of the East-
Angles; character of Ælfgar and his sons

Probable restoration of Bishop William and other Normans

Position of the Normans in Eadward's later days; political

office forbidden, but court office allowed; Eadward's later

policy thoroughly English

Different positions of Godwine and Harold with regard to

the foreigners

1053-1082 Æthelnoth Abbot of Glastonbury

1053-July Bishop Ealdred holds the Abbey of Winchcombe with his

238-239

Ecclesiastical appointments; Leofwine of Lichfield and

Wulfwig of Dorchester

240

Macbeth in Scotland; Siward's expedition against him;

Macbeth's alliance with Thorfinn

241-242

July 27

Siward defeats Macbeth; Malcolm declared King of Scots;

legends about Siward

1058

1054

1054-1058 The war continued by Macbeth; his final defeat and death

Ephemeral reign of Lulach; Malcolm King over all Scot-

land

State of the royal family; position of Ralph; of the

descendants of Eadmund Ironside

The Ætheling Eadward invited to England; import of the

invitation

Embassy of Ealdred and Ælfwine to the Emperor Henry;

Ealdred's long stay at Köln

Death of Earl Siward; his foundation at Galmanho; his

son Waltheof

March

Tostig appointed Earl of the Northumbrians; novelty of

the appointment; its doubtful policy

Ælfgar hires ships in Ireland; he ravages Herefordshire in

alliance with Gruffydd.

258-259

October 24 Battle near Hereford; defeat of the English through the

innovations of Earl Ralph

259-260

A.D.

Oct. 24, 1055 Gruffydd and Ælfgar sack and burn Hereford
Harold sent against the Welsh; comparison of his earlier
and later Welsh campaigns

Christmas,

1055-1056

Harold restores and fortifies Hereford

Peace of Billingsley; general mildness of English political

warfare

Ælfgar restored to his Earldom

Death of Æthelstan Bishop of Hereford; invasion of Mag-

260-262

March 27 Short and warlike episcopate of Leofgar of Hereford; his

June 16

death in battle; character of the war with Gruffydd

1056-1060 Ealdred holds the See of Hereford with that of Worcester
1056 Gruffydd reconciled to Eadward; his oath of homage; he
is mulcted of his lands in Cheshire
Co-operation of Harold, Leofric, and Ealdred

§ 3. From Harold's first Campaign against Gruffydd to the Deaths of

Leofric and Ralph. 1055-1057.

Christmas, Ecclesiastical affairs; Hermann, Bishop of Wiltshire, tries

1055-1056 to annex the Abbey of Malmesbury to his Bishoprick;

his scheme hindered by Harold

1056-1058 Hermann retires to Saint Omer; he returns and unites the

268-271

Sees of Ramsbury and Sherborne

1056-1071 Æthelric of Durham resigns his See; succession of his
brother Ethelwine

272-273

1057

The Ætheling Eadward comes to England; his intended

succession to the Crown; his death

273-274

Probable reasons why he never saw the King

274-275

Surmise of Sir F. Palgrave that Harold caused his death;

its injustice

275-276

Death of Heaca Bishop of the South-Saxons; Æthelric
succeeds

276-277

Death of Earl Leofric; fate of Godgifu

277

Death of Earl Ralph; his possible pretensions to the Crown

Redistribution of Earldoms; Ælfgar Earl of the Mercians;

marriage of his daughter Ealdgyth with Gruffydd

Herefordshire added to Harold's Earldom; Harold the son

Gyrth Earl of the East-Angles and of Oxfordshire; policy

of detached shires

279-280

Leofwine Earl of Kent, Essex, &c.; London not under any

Earl

1058-1065 The House of Godwine at its highest point of greatness

Harold's prospect of the Crown

280

281

Position of Harold; effects of Eadward's promise to Wil-

liam; the candidates of the patriotic party, first the

Ætheling, then Harold.

281-283

Quasi-royal position of Harold; probably no formal act,
but a general understanding in his favour

283-285

Harold chief ruler of England

285

The Reign of Eadward, from the Death of the Etheling to the

Death of the King. 1057–1066.

§ 1. The Ecclesiastical Administration of Earl Harold. 1058-1062.

A. D.

1058?

Dominant position of Harold; predominance of eccle-

siastical affairs; Harold in relation to the Church

Harold's pilgrimage to Rome; he studies the politics of

the French Princes on his way .

1057-1061 Succession of Popes; Stephen the Ninth; Benedict the

1058

Tenth; Nicolas the Second

Benedict probably in possession at the time of Harold's

visit; he grants the pallium to Stigand, probably through

Harold's influence

Temporary recognition of Stigand after his receipt of the

pallium; the new Bishops Ethelric and Siward are con-

secrated by him

Harold returns to England

Second outlawry and return of Ælfgar

681-1058 Ecclesiastical history of Gloucester; death of Abbot

Eadric; Bishop Ealdred rebuilds and consecrates the

church and appoints Wulfstan Abbot

Ealdred restores the See of Wiltshire to Hermann and

makes the pilgrimage to Jerusalem

291-292

April 23,

1059

Mannig resigns the abbacy of Evesham and is succeeded by

Æthelwig

May 3, 1060 Consecration of Harold's minster at Waltham

Harold's acquisition of Waltham; he rebuilds the church

and founds a secular college

Distinction between the foundation of secular colleges and

of monasteries.

Harold's zeal for education; Adelhard of Lüttich .

Continuance of the struggle between regulars and seculars;

Harold a friend of the seculars; general witness to his

character borne by the foundation

Deposition of Pope Benedict; its effect on the position of

Stigand

293

293-294

Nature and importance of the foundation; its character

generally misunderstood

The church consecrated by Archbishop Cynesige; the

foundation charter dated two years later

1060-1079 Ealdred resigns the See of Hereford and is succeeded by

1060-1088 Death of Dudoc Bishop of Somersetshire; he is succeeded

by Gisa

Later careers of Walter and Gisa; Gisa's dispute with

Harold; his changes at Wells; comparison between the

foundations of Harold and Gisa.

April 15, 1061 Gisa and Walter consecrated at Rome

1061

Death of Wulfric, Abbot of Saint Augustine's; his suc-

cessor Æthelsige receives the benediction from Stigand

Journey to Rome of Ealdred, Tostig, and Gyrth

Pope Nicolas confirms the privilege of Westminster, but

refuses the pallium to Ealdred, and deprives him of his

See

.

Tostig and the Bishops robbed on their way home

They return to Rome, and the Pope yields the pallium to

the threats of Tostig

Ill effects of the practice of pilgrimage; Malcolm invades

Northumberland during the absence of Tostig

Lent, 1062 Vacancy of the See of Worcester; papal legates in

PAGE

Wulfstan elected Bishop; the election confirmed by the

Wulfstan consecrated by Ealdred, but makes profession to

The King's charter to the College at Waltham

Elfwig, uncle of Harold, appointed Abbot of New

Minster

§ 2. The Welsh War and its Consequences.

Christmas,

1062-1063

1062—1065.

Renewed ravages of Gruffydd; probable death of Ælfgar,
who is succeeded in his Earldom by his son Eadwine
Gemót at Gloucester; Harold's sudden march to Rhud-
dlan

Harold's great Welsh campaign; its permanent effect on
men's minds; testimony of John of Salisbury and of
Giraldus Cambrensis

May 26,

1063

Harold and Tostig invade Wales; Harold adopts the Welsh

tactics; all Wales reduced to submission

The Welsh Kingdom granted to Bleddyn and Rhiwallon;

districts ceded to England

314-316

316

316-317

Alleged legislation about Wales

317

August I,

1065

Harold builds a hunting-seat for Eadward at Port-

skewet.

318

August 24

Caradoc son of Gruffydd of South Wales kills the workmen 318-319

1064

Dec. 28

§ 3. The Revolt of Northumberland. 1065.

Oppressive government of Tostig in Northumberland

Charges against him; murder of Gamel and Ulf

Murder of Gospatric in the King's Court; attributed to

Tostig and Eadgyth

Oct. 3, 1065 Revolt of Northumberland; rebel Gemót at York.
Constitutional position of Northumberland; frequent ab-
sence of Tostig; his deputy Copsige

Acts of the rebel Gemót; vote of deposition and outlawry
against Tostig; Morkere elected Earl