Two Lectures, on the Construction of Boilers, and on Boiler Explosions, with the Means of Prevention: Delivered Before the Leeds' Mechanics' Institution, April, 23 and 24, 1851; Also a Paper on the Consumption of Fuel and Prevention of Smoke, Read Before the British Association for the Advancement of ScienceSimpkin, Marshall, and Company, 1851 - 47 pages |
Common terms and phrases
accidents admission of air admitted anthracite anthracite coal aperture applied atmospheric air atom attention bi-carburetted hydrogen bituminous coal boiler explosions bursting cannel coal Carbonic acid carburetted hydrogen cause circumference circumstances consideration constituents construction of boilers cylindrical boilers cylindrical form deficiency of water Derbyshire description of boiler direction economy of fuel effect endeavoured equal experiments Explosions arising Explosions from defective Fahrenheit fire fire-box flue surface foot of grate Forms of Boilers gases important increased incrustation inquiry internal flues internal pressure iron Kilbeggan Lancashire lignite maximum mean middle flue necessary nitrogen observed oxygen perfect combustion plates precautions prevention of smoke products of combustion proportions PYROMETER quantity of air ratio regulated resisting powers rupture safety valves six feet boiler Specific gravity splint square inch steam engine strain strength supply of air temperature thickness three feet boiler tons vessels waggon-shaped boilers water cocks weight wrought iron
Popular passages
Page 46 - ... with the solid portion of the coal. From the chemical changes which take place in the combination of the hydrogen with oxygen, the bulk of the products is found to be to the bulk of the atmospheric air required to furnish the oxygen, as 10 is to 11.
Page 46 - Fahrenheit, and at this temperature the products of combustion would be increased, according to the laws of the expansion of aeriform bodies, to about three times their original bulk. The bulk, therefore, of the products of combustion which must pass off must be 154-814 x 3 = Ф64-442 cubic feet.
Page 5 - Hence the total amount of force which would tend to divide the cylinder in halves by separating it along two lines, on opposite sides, would be represented by multiplying the diameter by the force exerted on each unit of surface, and this product by the length of the cylinder. But even without regarding the length, we may consider the force requisite to rupture a single band in the direction now supposed, and of one lineal unit in breadth; since it obviously makes no difference whether the cylinder...
Page 21 - It consists of the cylindrical form, varying from five to seven feet in diameter, with two flues, which extend the whole length of the boiler; they are perfectly cylindrical, and of sufficient magnitude to admit a furnace in each. This boiler is the simplest and probably the most effective that has yet been constructed. It presents a large flue surface as the recipient of heat, and the double flues when riveted to the flat ends add greatly to the security and strength of those parts.
Page 46 - This is without taking into account the augmentation of the bulk, due to the increase of the temperature. In the combination, which takes place between the carbon and the oxygen, the resultant gases (carbonic acid gas and nitrogen gas) are of exactly the same bulk as the amount of air, that is, 105'71 cubic feet, exclusive, as before, of the augmentation of bulk from the increase of temperature.
Page 46 - This area having been obtained on the supposition that no more air is admitted than the quantity chemically required, and that the combustion is complete and perfect in the furnace, it is evident that this area must be much increased in practice, where we know these conditions are not fulfilled, but that a large surplus quantity of air is always admitted. A limit is thus found for the area over the bridge, or the area of the flue immediately behind the furnace, below which it must not be decreased,...
Page 36 - Mr. Houldsworth estimates the advantages gained by the admission of air (when properly regulated) at 35 per cent., and when passed through a fixed aperture of 43 square inches, at 34 per cent. This is a near approximation to the mean of five experiments, which, according to the preceding table, gives 33£ per cent., which probably approaches as near the maximum as can be expected under all the changes and •vicissitudes which take place in general practice.
Page 11 - ... squares are supported by four stays, each capable of sustaining fifteen tons, we have 4 X 15 = 60 tons, as the resisting powers of the stays, but the pressure is not divided amongst all the four, but each stay has to sustain that pressure, consequently the ratio of strength to the pressure will be as 4^ to 1 nearly, which is a very fair proportion for the resisting power of that part. We have treated of the sides, but the top of the fire-box and the ends have also to be protected, and there being...
Page 17 - ... stoker, and another person who was standing near the spot at the time. A great difference of opinion as to the cause of this accident was prevalent in the minds of those who witnessed the explosion, some attributing it to a crack in the copper fire box, and others to the weakness of the stays over the top.
Page 5 - To know the force which tends to burst a cylindrical vessel in the longitudinal direction, or, in other words, to separate the head from the curved sides ; we have only to consider the actual area of the head, and to multiply the units of surface by the number of units of force applied to each superficial unit. This will give the total divellent force in that direction. " To counteract this, we have, or may be conceived to have, the tenacity of as many longitudinal bars as there are lineal units...