and reluctant nations made the instruments of Providence; and the chosen of the seed of Abraham; and the descended Godhead, and the despised and rejected of men, and the bloody sweat of Gethsemane, and the unutterable anguish of Calvary, and the triumph over the pangs of the grave, and captivity led captive by the ascending Conqueror; and the cloven tongues of fire, and the blood of martyrs crying like Abel's from the ground, and the church militant and the church triumphant; and nations tried in the furnace of God's judgments, till the earth smokes to heaven with it, yet still blaspheming; and God's preachers warning the last times to repentance, and the consummation of all things at hand; and the reign of the scorner and the infidel, and the terrible wrath to come.-Garbett's Parochial Sermons.

HUMAN MERIT AND ANTINOMIANISM.-I have said that some of the worst practical abuses of the church of Rome arise out of the doctrine of human merit, which is founded, as we have seen, on the notion of an infused righteousness. It causes men to lose sight of Christ as the author, the continuer, the finisher of their justification, and to place their reliance on their own works and deservings. The learned Romanist may assert that, when rightly understood, it can produce no such effect, since Christ is constantly kept in view; the merits of man being declared, though his own, to be the gifts of God through Christ. The learned Romanist may make this distinction, but it is too subtle and refined for the great mass of mankind. They are told that their works are meritorious, meriting grace here and glory hereafter; and they, consequently, rely on their own works for acceptance with God. Let us not, however, conceal from ourselves the fact that gross abuses have also flowed from the perversion of the doctrine of imputed righteousness. Men may turn the grace of God into lasciviousness; may make that which Christ has done for them a plea for being careless about their life and conversation; may pretend that all endeavour to advance in personal holiness, to grow in grace, and to go on to perfection, is derogatory to the merits of Christ, implying that there is something wanting in his righteousness which our righteousness must supply. Men may, in a word, fall into that most deadly of all heresies, antinomianism. Still, this error and that of the Romanist, how widely soever different in appearance, spring from the same source-the aversion of the natural man to the spiritual life; his desire to escape from the obligation to enter upon the task of disciplining his heart with its affections, of bringing his will to an unreserved subjection to the divine will; his desire to devise some mode of reconciling the continual indulgence of his appetites, with the persuasion

that he has not forfeited the favour of God. The Romanist applies an opiate to his conscience, through the belief that, by acts of mortification, by fastings, pilgrimages, almsgiving, he can make compensation for the violations of God's law, of which he is guilty; the antinomian, through the persuasion that, clothed as he is with the robe of Christ's righteousness, God can see no sin in him.-Bishop of Lincoln's Charge of 1843, pp. 52-54.

WASTE.-Waste of wealth is sometimes retrieved; waste of health seldom; waste of time never.

Poetry.

"CHRIST DIED FOR THE UNGODLY." ROMANS T. 6.

(For the Church of England Magazine.)

WHY, perishing sinners, your hearts will ye harden, And reject the commandments of God, in your pride?

O, seek ye from heaven forgiveness and pardon;
For it is for your sins that the Saviour has died.
And will ye live on, still no Saviour revering,
And still refuse Christ as your king and your guide?
O, why are ye thus in your sins persevering,

When it was for those sins that Christ suffered and died?

How sweet to the Christian, in moments of sadness,
To know there is one in whom he can confide!
How oft will this thought fill his spirit with gladness-
That his sins are forgiven, since Jesus hath died!
And when, the death-bed of the Christian surround-

ing,

His friends and his kinsmen watch life's ebbing

tide,

They rejoice that the Saviour, in mercy abounding, Has come down from above, and for sinners has died.

Birmingham.

THE INQUIRY.
TELL me, ye winged winds,
That round my pathway roar,
Do ye not know some spot
Where mortals weep no more,
Some lone and pleasant dell,

Some valley in the west,
Where, free from toil and pain,
The weary soul may rest?
The loud wind dwindled to a whisper low,
And sighed for pity, as it answered, “ No.”

Tell me, thou mighty deep,
Whose billows round me play,
Know'st thou some favoured spot,
Some island far away,
Where weary man may find

The bliss for which he sighs,
Where sorrow never lies,

F. B.

And friendship never dies? The loud waves, roaring in perpetual flow, Stopped for a while, and sighed to answer, “No.”

And thou, serenest moon,

That, with such holy face,
Dost look upon the earth

Asleep to night's embrace,
Tell me, in all thy round,

Hast though not seen some spot
Where miserable man

Might find a happier lot?
Behind a cloud the moon withdrew in woe;
And a voice, sweet but sad, responded, "No."

Tell me, my sacred soul,
O, tell me, hope and faith,
Is there no resting place

From sorrow, sin, and death? Is there no happy spot

Where mortals may be blessed, Where grief may find a balm,

And weariness a rest?

Faith, hope, and love, best boons to mortals given, Wav'd their bright wings, and whispered, "Yes, in heaven!"

-From an American publication.

THE DYING CHRISTIAN.

(For the Church of England Magazine.) E'EN now, the grave is o'er me shadows flinging, And death has cast his cold embrace around me; But nought dismays me, to my Saviour clinging: Jesus will save, though thousand foes surround me. I come, I come, ye spirits of the blessed,

Who ever hymn his praise in courts above; By whom his name and glory are confessed! I come, I come!

Another proof of his eternal love.

My spirit heavenwards now its flight is winging,
And, soon its song in those bless'd seats shall raise;
Soon will it join th' angelic choir in singing
Eternal songs to our Redeemer's praise:
To join the blest, who tread heav'ns golden ways,
I come, I come!

Birmingham.

Miscellaneous.

F. B.

AMERICAN DUELLISTS.-Some noted duellists have been pointed out to me here. There is one gentleman who wears a green shade over his eye, in consequence of a contusion which he received the other day from the rebound of a bullet, in practising for an affair of this kind. I had a good deal of con

versation with some American gentlemen upon the subject, and heard some stories which astonished me not a little. The American system of duelling is quite different from ours, and far more consistent and rational. They never think of apologies on the ground, or firing in the air, or separating after a harmless interchange of shots; which, in England, throw an air of bombastic absurdity over most proceedings of the kind. In America they mean "business," not child's play, when they fight duels; and never separate till one is killed or wounded. The usual plan is to fire at ten paces, and to advance one pace each shot till the desired effect is produced (the newspapers lately gave an account of a duel where the parties fired six times each). The challenged has the choice of weapons; and pistols, muskets, or rifles, are usually selected. Not long since, a well-known individual, who, I see, figured as second in an affair that took place about a month ago, challenged another man, who had objected to his vote at an election for personation (which, of course, involved a charge of perjury), to walk arm-in-arm from the top of the Capitol with him. As this was declined, his next proposal was to sit upon a keg of gunpowder together, and apply a match. However, even in this

country these were considered rather strong measures; and, through the mediation of pacific friends, it was at length amicably arranged that they should fight with muskets at five paces. Each piece was loaded with three balls; and, of course, both parties were nearly blown to pieces. The challenger, however, unfortunately recovered, and is now ready for fresh atrocities. Of course, such a case as this is rare; but I think I am right in stating that a bloodless duel is almost unknown. Now, there is some sense in this, whatever one may say of its Christianity. A man is injured by another: he wishes to be revenged upon him, and takes the only method of effecting this which society will allow. In England we superadd absurdity. Our duellist, generally speaking, goes out upon the speculation that there is hardly, without avoiding guilt, any chance of a serious result. He commits what is confessedly and notoriously a breach of every law, divine and human; not at the instigation of overpowering passion, which, though of course it cannot excuse the crime, any more than it could that of assassination, at least reasonably accounts for its commission ; but at the command of a perverted public opinion which he has not manliness or courage to defy, or for the gratification of a miserable vanity which aims at obtaining (at a very cheap rate) the reputation of a hero at Limmer's or the Saloon. I think some late transactions have contributed to cast upon the practice some of the ridicule which it deserves. There is, too, a stricter feeling of morality and religion growing up; so that I do not despair of seeing this paltry caricature of a barbarous custom totally given up.-Godley's Letters from America.

MARRIED CLERGY IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY. -When this bishop (Herbert Losinga) was in this sce (Norwich), Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, held a great synod at London, in which, among other things, it was enacted that no archdeacon, priest, deacon, &c., should from theuceforth marry a wife, or keep her if he were married (two direct violations of God's word); or, if he did, should say no mass; or, if he said mass, he should not be heard. This bishop was very zealous in pressing these canons upon his clergy (a worthy zeal in one who got his bishopric by simony); but they as stoutly refused, and would neither leave their wives nor benefices; whereupon he writes to Anselm for his counsel what to do, and by him was advised that he should persuade the people of his diocese, as they professed themselves Christians (rather papists, for as Christians they were under no such obligation), to subdue them as rebels against the church, and utterly drive both them and their married wives out of the country with rebuke and shame, placing the monks in their room (who generally kept concubines instead of wives).-Mag. Brit., vol. iii.

p. 368.

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REMARKABLE PLACES. No. VII.

NAWORTH CASTLE.

NAWORTH castle, the old baronial mansion of the lords of Gilsland, is situated about a mile south of the river Irthing, which flows through the vale of St. Mary. Its ruins stand about two miles east of the market-town of Brampton, supposed to be the site of the Roman station Metenracum. It was one of the most interesting edifices in the county of Cumberland, and, consequently, generally visited by the tourist. It was this stronghold that was pointed out as a suitable place of security for retaining the unfortunate Mary queen of Scots, when she had taken refuge at Carlisle, but it was determined that her imprisonment should be further removed from the border. It is painful to speak of it as a ruin;

VOL. XVII.

but the destructive fire of the 18th of May last has almost levelled it with the ground. The earliest notice of it on record, is in the reign of Richard II. Naworth was originally possessed by one branch of the noble family of Dacre; whose original mansion, however, appears to have been at Dacre castle. The origin of the name has been referred by some to one of their ancestors having distinguished himself at the siege of Acre; by others from their having acquired possessions near the river Dacor*.

The well known name of Dacre is derived from the exploits

of one of their ancestors at the siege of Acre, or Ptolemais, under that name. The first family, called lord Dacres of the south, held the castle of Dacre, about four miles south-west of Penrith; is

Kichard Cœur de Lion. There were two powerful branches of

the main body of which, consisting principally of four towers, still complete. It was sold by the family in 1716. They were the ancestors to the present lord Dacre. The other family, descended from the same stock, were called lord Dacres of the north, and were barons of Gilsland and Greystock. Of Gilsland an account will be given hereafter. Greystock is situated some

Lord Dacre was present with many troops at the storming of Jedburgh, conducted by the earl of Surrey, when that town was taken, having been set on fire, after a desperate resistance, and a severe loss to the besiegers. "I assure your grace," said Surrey, in his letter to Henry, "I found the Scots at this time the boldest men and the hottest that ever I saw any nation; and all the journey, upon all parts of the army, kept us with so continual skirmish that I never saw the like." The day after the capture, Dacre was sent to attack the castle of Ferniehurst, on the river Jed, the ancient seat of the Kerrs, the seneschals of the abbey of Jedburgh, by one of whom the abbey had been bravely defended during the siege. The castle was taken and pillaged, and garrisoned by English soldiers*. In the evening, Dacre, contrary to Surrey's commands-for, though "there was no hardier, nor better knight, often time he doth not use the most sure order" -encamped with his cavalry some way from the general encampment; and while at supper, after a day of toil, his quarters were suddenly attacked by the borderers, and the horses cut loose. The terrified animals, to the number of about 1,500, scampered down the hill at full gallop to Surrey's camp; who, imagining the borderers had rallied, and were now on the eve of attacking his camp, in the utmost alarm, met the animals with showers of arrows and volleys of musketry, by which many of them were killed. The remainder of the frightened animals, as if under the influence of a stampedet, galloped into the burgh of Jedburgh,

miles north-west of Penrith, and came into the family by the marriage of Thomas lord Dacre to the heiress. The castle being demolished in the parliamentary wars, a new one, at a short distance, was erected by the Howard family about 1670.

In 1549, this castle was wrested from the English by the efforts of the borderers, aided by the French; and those taken in it were treated with the most horrible cruelties. In Westmoreland's rebellion, it served him as a hiding-place.

The effect produced by a stampede, or flight of horses, in the American prairies, is thus described :

which was still burning, where they naturally excited much alarm; but many were seized and carried off by the Scottish women. So great was the turmoil and confusion, that the English imputed the occurrence to infernal agency; and Surrey himself declared that the devil was visible six times during the conflagration. "I dare not write the wonders that my lord Dacre and all his company do say they saw that night, six times of spirits and fearful sights. And universally all their company say plainly the devil was that night among them six times; which misfortune hath blemished the best journey that was made in Scotland many years.-Surrey."

George, the last lord Dacre of this line, i. e., of Greystoke, was killed by accident, at Thetford, at the seat of sir Richard Fulmerstone, May 17th, 1559. To him succeeded lord William, the duke of Norfolk's son, in right of family intermarriage. He was appointed by queen Elizabeth warden of the west marches; and his firmness and intrepidity in repressing the lawless assaults of the moss troopers have handed him down to posterity as the belted Will Howard. His will was law; his command instantly obeyed: none dared to question it. His firmness and intrepidity did much to repress the riotous proceedings so common in all districts contiguous to either side of the border, which had so direct a tendency to brutalize the feelings, to do away with all notions of just government and proper restraint, and which threatened destruction to the existence of the kingdoms. The means employed were, however, of the severest kind, as might be proved by numerous instances. "Prompt execution on a lofty gallows," says Mr. Warner", "followed the hearing of his dreadful tribunal; and, till his leisure allowed investigation, the prisoners were confined in the dungeons-four horrible apartments, that still exhibit the rings to which criminals were chained, to secure them during the dreadful interval that passed between capture and death." At the cruelties practised in those times the mind naturally revolts, even allowing that severity was

hobbled, before the panic became general, and were secured with little difficulty; else we might have lost half of them irretrievably.

"It is singular the effect that sudden fright has, not only upon horses, but oxen, on the prairies. The latter will, perhaps, run longer and farther than the former; and although not so difficult to head,' because they cannot run so fast, their onward course it is impossible to stay. Oxen, so I was once informed, have been known to run forty miles without once stopping to look back; and, when they did finally hold up, it was simply because exhausted nature would allow them to go no farther.

one stampede.

Not one in fifty of them had seen the least cause for fear, but each ran simply because his neighbour did. Frequent instances have occurred where some worthless but skittish horse has caused the loss of hundreds of valuable animals. In the instance I have above alluded to we did not lose one; but, on a subsequent occasion, no less than eighty-seven were irrecoverably lost by "Nothing can exceed the grandeur of the scene when a large cavallada, or drove of horses, takes a 'scare.' Old, weatherbeaten, time-worn, and broken-down steeds-horses that have nearly given out from hard work and old age-will at once be transformed into wild and prancing colts. When first seized with that indescribable terror which induces them to fly, they seem to have been suddenly endowed with all the attributes of their original wild nature. With heads erect, tails and manes streaming in air, eyes lit up and darting beams of fright, old and jaded hacks will be seen prancing and careering about with all the buoyancy of action which characterises the antics of young colts; then some one of the drove, more frightened than the rest, will dash off in a straight line, the rest scampering after him, and apparently gaining fresh fears at every jump. The throng will then sweep along the plain with a noise which may be likened to something between a tornado and an earthquake, and as well might feeble man attempt to arrest either of the latter.

was not spent alone, however, in warlike deeds, or in the coercion of the lawless: he devoted no little attention to literature-of which he appears to have been a passionate lover-in the quiet retirement of his own private chambers. These, it is unnecessary to say, were made as secure as possible. And it was needful that they should be, for his own personal security; for he was hated, as might have been expected; and to have achieved his death would have been the sure path to renown.; These consisted of a bed-room, library, and oratory, These used to be an object of deep interest to the visitor; but are now, of course, destroyed. "They impress us," says sir Walter Scott, "with an unpleasing idea of the life of a lord warden of horses, when under the terrifying influence of a stampede, could not bound away with greater velocity, or more majestic beauty of movement. I have seen many an interesting race, but never anything half so exciting as the flight of a drove of frightened horses. The spectator, who may possibly have a nag among them which he has been unable to get into a canter by dint of spur and whip, sees his property fairly flying away at a pace that a thorough-bred racer might envy. Better time,' to all appearance, he has never seen made; and, were it not that he himself is as much astounded as the horses, there might be very pretty betting upon the race."-Kelland's Texas.

66

"Tour through the northern counties of England and of the borders of Scotland. By the rev. Richard Warner. 2 vols.