empire or province is traced, the choice of the projection seems more indifferent, because the defects of all the methods diminish when the map embraces only a smail portion of the surface of the globe. To these maps thus obtained may be added, Geogra- | to physical geography, the developement of a single phick and Hydrographick maps by conick and cylin- meridian is preferred. The special maps-where an drick developement. Among all bodies which can be exactly retraced on a plane, the cone and cylinder have the most affinity with the sphere; the cone especially offers the advantage, that a small conick zone hardly differs at all from a spherick zone. Hence it is conick The impossibility of admitting into a map, even of developments that afford the best projections of very great dimensions, all the details relative to topogspecial geographical maps, and even, by the help of raphy, necessitates a choice among those details, which, some modifications, for considerable parts of the globe. however, it is impossible to subject to general rules. The cylindrick maps can only serve for small parts of the globe. As they are projected, the meridians all tend to one point, which is the pole, and the parallels of latitude are concentrick circles of which the pole is the centre. One map is destined to show the political limits of states, and the boundaries of provinces, with their chief towns; another is designed to show the chains of mountains and the branches of rivers; and these two classes still admit of subdivisions. A military map But in vain would geometry have taught us so many is in reality, only a perfect and detailed topography; and such ingenious methods of tracing maps in a the warrior should find it in every road in which he manner conformable to the wants of geography, if we can advance, either with artillery, or only with his could only insert in these pictures of the globe in-musket; every ford in a river, every defile by which complete images of the different countries. It is the he can turn the position of an enemy; in a word, these novelty, the exactness, and richness of details, which maps should exhibit all the localities which can infludistinguish a learned map from those unformed sketch-ence his operations; the number of good military maps es, the contrivance of which is confided to ignorance. is therefore very limited. It is in great part to the To compose a good map, we must know how to choose excellence of those supplied by the Depot de la Guerre, and to assemble the details which will form its merit. that the French armies owe their successes. A learned If the map is general, a projection such as the differ- geometer, deeply skilled in the art of war, had made a ent modified conical projections, is employed. If it is list of the French generals, in which he estimated desired to construct a map of the world, destined for their talents; opposite an illustrious name was often the studies of astronomical geography, the horizontal this note, He is well acquainted with the map. The stereographick projection is used. If it is to be applied importance of geographical studies for the leaders of 395 WORLD. armies was felt by the ancients, and the Romans knew well," that localities frequently influence victory more than courage and numbers." and even of zoology, the object of which is to show the geographical distribution of the productions of nature; there are some which their authors decorate with the name of historical, and which are intended to show the migrations of nations, and the changes of sovereignty; finally, there are few objects, the reduction of whose relations of locality has not been attempted in the form of maps. But the composition of these sorts of tables is subject to rules derived from sciences foreign to geography. Publick instruction requires elementary maps, the merit of which consists in rendering, in a faithful and complete manner, truths already known. The essential point in an elementary atlas, is not to display on Other branches of government equally require maps especially consecrated to a particular object. Those of the waters and forests, for example, should always be consulted as a beacon in cultivation; and in this respect the states of Germany have hitherto had advanWhat a military is for the ground, tages over France. nautical maps are for the seas; they even interest the physical geographer, as they represent, though very imperfectly, the irregularities of the bottom of those basins covered with water, which occupy so vast a portion of the globe. The rocks, reefs, and sand-banks, scattered through the seas, are sub-marine mountains a great scale maps full of details, and of minute and hills; and a complete knowledge of them would throw great light on the geography of the terrestrial mountains. Unfortunately nature seems to forbid the hope of our ever completing that part of geography. 66 can only "Navigators," says a celebrated mariner, answer for the routes they have made, or the soundings they have taken; and it is possible, that, on the finest seas they may have passed close beside banks or shoals where there were no breakers, (that is to say,) whose Existence was not betrayed by the foam of broken waves." The maps of rivers present in detail all the branches of a stream, and all the circumstances of its course. They are comprised with nautical maps, under the general appellation of hydrographick. exactness, but rather to exhibit, in a series of small but numerous maps, the complete assemblage of the principles of the science. In the mathematical elements of a map, accurate astronomical observations, and nice trigonometrical surveys are indispensable to give them value. When these are determined, the historical, political, and physical details are introduced, according to the extent and object of the map. The positions of places are indicated by signs, which are modified according to the importance of those places and the rank they occupy. A simple line shows the course of small streams. The sea-shores are indicated by a very clean line, bordered with hatchings. In There are also maps of botany, mineralogy, geology, geographical maps, these hatchings, exteriour with respect to the land, may be conceived to represent the undulations of the sea on the coasts; while, in marine maps, the hatchings done on the land, paint to the eye the acclivity of the coast. Navigable canals are represented by straight lines joined angularly, which distinguishes them sufficiently from natural streams of water, indicated by undulating lines. Roads are often marked by two fine parallel strokes, sometimes by simple lines, continuous, or punctuated; the latter, nowever, are most commonly reserved for marking the limits of states and their provinces, and for this purpose the size and form of the points are varied. Orthographical exactness of the names in maps, it is important to preserve. Good sense dictates the rule of writing each geographical name, as near as possible to what is used in the country it belongs to, and to what is pointed out by sound etymology. It is also desirable that the physical elements of a map should indicate the different features of the globe. If a country is covered with plains, or is rough with mountains, naked or wooded, dry or marshy. These are pointed out either by conventional signs, or pictured representations. The expression of these different circumstances, joined with the climate and the laws of meteorological phenomena, determine the physical geography of each country. Here we close the subject of Mathematical Geography, which, as the basis of the whole science, we have endeavoured to make our readers thoroughly understand. With the commencement of our next volume, we shall take up the more interesting branch of the science; viz. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. BIOGRAPHY. HENRY KNOX, MAJOR GENERAL. U. S. A. Gen. Knox was born in Boston, July 25, 1750. He received a common school education in his native place. Early in life, he began business as a bookseller which however he relinquished for the purpose of devoting himself to the cause of the Revolution. Before hostilities between this country and Great Britain in the revolutionary war commenced, he discovered an uncommon zeal in the cause of liberty. Being placed at the head of an independent company in Boston he exhibited in this station a skill in discipline which presaged his future eminence. It was at the unanimous request of all the officers of artillery, that he was intrusted with the command in that department. When the corps of artillery in 1776 was increased to three tegiments, the command was given to Knox, who was promoted to the rank of a brigadier general. He was actively engaged during the whole contest. After the capture of Cornwallis in 1781, he received the commission of major general, having distinguished himself in the siege at the head of the artillery. Previously to General Lincoln as secretary at war in March 1785;the adoption of the present constitution he succeeded and after our present government was organized in 1789, Washington nominated him for the same office. He continued to fill this department till the close of the year 1794, when he resigned it. In his letter to the President he says, 66 After having served my country nearly twenty years, the greater portion of the time under your immediate auspices, it is with extreme reluctance I find myself constrained to withdraw from so honourable a situation. But the natural and powerme to neglect their essential interests. In whatever ful claims of a numerous family will no longer permit situation I shall be, I shall recollect your confidence and kindness with all the fervour and purity of affection, of which a grateful heart is susceptible." Washand declared him to have "deserved well of his counington in reply assured him of his sincerest friendship, try." During the last years of his life, General Knox lived at Thomaston, Maine, where he died, Oct. 25, 1806, aged 56 years. His death was occasioned by his swallowing the bone of a chicken. His wife, the 20, 1824. In April 1796 he lost two children by death daughter of I. Flucker, secretary of Mass., died June in one week; and in a manner almost as sudden be had previously lost five children. He was distinguished for his military talents, and possessed in an uncommon degree the esteem and confidence of Washington. Though a soldier and a statesman, he did not dismiss the amiable virtues of the man. There was a frankness in his manners which was pleasing, and his heart was susceptible of the kindly affections. LOUIS PHILIP, KING OF THE FRENCH. Seldom indeed has fortune exercised her dispensations more copiously than in directing the existence of Louis Philip, the present King of the French, through its various phases. A prince, a conqueror, a refugee, a martyr, an exile:-a lieutenant general to-day, a king to-morrow! His triumph, now a trophy to the country -and now, his exile an exultation: his name, now an abomination; and now, his assumption of royalty the very safety of "le grand nation."-Once the most remote aspirant to the throne of his ancestors; now, enjoying what was sacrificed by the imbecility of Capet, and the ambition of Napoleon; now content with the simple security of a republican asylum, and now dispensing the fortunes of a monarchy. Louis Philip, the eldest son of the unfortunate Egalite, by Marie Adelaide de Bourbon Panthievre, wa? born in Paris on the 6th of October, 1773; so that he is now in the sixty-second year of his age. Louis Philip first bore the title of Duke of Valois, but on his father's accession to the title of Duke of Orleans, he became the Duke of Chartres; and in the enjoyment of this title all his subsequent sufferings commenced and progressed. In the year 1778, he was placed under the tutorship of De Bonnard, where he remained until the year 1782, when his tuition was confined to the der whom he obtained no inconsiderable portion of that surveillance of the celebrated Madame de Genlis ; unphilosophy which distinguished his subsequent career. When he had attained his eighteenth year, a decree was issued by the constituent assembly, requiring all proprietary officers to surrender their military profession, or immediately and effectively to join their respective regiments. He, true to the glory of his country, and possessing the abstract ambition to serve her reputation and her interests, placed himself at the head of the 14th regiment of dragoons, which he joined at Vendome, where it was stationed. Here his humanity and courage in saving a nonjuring clergyman from the violence of the populace, and an engineer from drowning, obtained for him from the city the offer of a civick crown, and the entire respect of the inhabitants. In the month of August, 1791, he went with his regiment into Valenciennes, where he wintered and performed the duties of the oldest colonel of the garrison. In the year 1792, when he had attained only his nineteenth year, he received from the celebrated Kellerman, who had been just reinforced from the army of the Rhine, the honour of the command of twelve battalions of infantry, and six squadrons of cavalry, at whose head he fought in the battle of Valmy, plucking laurels from the brows of veterans, and astonishing the experience of age with the daring chivalry of youth; and rendering his bravery not more remarkable for the perseverance with which it was exercised, than the judgment with which it was directed. He shortly after accepted the offer of a command in the army of Dumourier, who was about to proceed to Flanders to undertake the invasion of Belgium: little, at that time, was his present connexion with that nation anticipated; a connexion which, notwithstanding the amicable relation of other interests, is pregnant with most important consequences. On the 6th of November, he distinguished himself at the battle of Jemappes, and contributed to the triumph of the French that day, under Dumourier. When the decree of banishment was passed by the Convention against the members of the Bourbon family, Louis Philip was at Tournay; and became desirous that his father and family should emigrate with him to the United States; but before he could complete the necessary preparatory arrangements the decree was revoked. In February, 1793, he was recalled to the army, and served at the siege of Maestrich under Miranda; when too openly manifesting his hostility to the revolutionary excesses in France, be soon saw that a decree had been hurled against himself, and immediately resolved on quitting both the army and the country. He according went to Mons. where he obtained passports for Switzerland, whither he went in the year 1793; and there, passed as a fugitive, through the countries, which, a short time since, he passed over as a conqueror; and here he first became acquainted with his family's arrest. In September he arrived at Basle, and finding no place safe for him, he was advised, by the refugee, General Montesquin, who lived in Switzerland, under the name of Chevalier Rionel. to wander in the mountains, but not to tarry for any considerable time in one place; until the progress of time would tame the aspect of political severity. This advice he adopted, and travelled into the interiour of Switzerland and the Alps; and under those circumstances exhibited a philosophick courage in contending against misfortune and poverty, which would have been worthy of the most stern of the stolcks. In a short time he was recalled to Brengarten by Montesquin, who provided him with a professorship in the college of Richenan, for which he was examined and appointed under a fictitious name. In this college Louis Philip, the King of the French, taught for eight months, his name and rank equally unknown; and here he first became acquainted with the fate of his unfortunate father. Some political changes having taken place in the Grisons, Montesquin deemed it no longer hazardous to give the ducal pedagogue an asylum; and consequently invited the Duke to his dwelling, who left the college with the regret of the professors and pupils, and repaired to Bremgarten, where, under the name of Corby, he remained, until the decline of 1794, when his retreat being no longer a secret, he again resolved on quitting Europe for America, and went to Hamburg, as the most convenient place for embarcation; but not having sufficient means to sustain his intentions, he procured a small letter of credit on a banker at Copenhagen, with the intention of visiting the north of Europe. This banker succeeded in getting him passports from the King of Denmark, as a Swiss traveller; and Louis Philip forthwith travelled through Norway and Sweden; jcarneyed on foot with the Laplanders, passed along the mountains to the gulf of Tys, and reached the north cape on the 24th of August 1795, where he remained for a few days situated at 18 degrees from the Pole: he then repassed through Finland to Torneo, and thence to Abo and Stockholm. In the month of August 1796, he received a most admonitory letter from his mother, the Duchess of Orleans, requesting him to leave Europe and take up his residence in America; he accordingly sailed from the Elbe in September, 1796, and arrived in Philadelphia in the October following. In the course of the year 1797, he was joined by his brothers, the Duke of Montpensier and the Count de Beaujolais, and, accompanied by them, set out fo Baltimore; he passed from thence into Virginia, where according to an invitation given before the expiration of his presidency, they had the honour of meeting General Washington at his Mount Vernon residence. Here the Father of his country and his amiable consort treated the princely wanderers with their characteristick kindness and hospitality; and they, after a short stay, proceeded southward; they thence returned northward, and visited the Falls of Niagara, and in July, 1797, returned to Philadelphia, during a fearful prevalence of the yellow fever. It was their desire, but not their ability, to leave this city. They, who had been born princes and educated to their birth, had not the trifling means of removing from their pestilential residence, and they must have severely felt the mutability of fortune's favours.-In the following month they received from their mother a remittance which enabled them to proceed to New-York, from which place they went to Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine. On their return to Boston, they received the mortifying intelligence of their mother's banishment, and immediately returned to Philadelphia, with the intention of joining her in Spain, the place of her exile. In the month of December, 1797, they left Philadelphia; and, travelling down the Ohio and Mississippi, reached New Orleans, where they sojourned for five months, at which time, tired of the expectation of a Spanish ship, they went on board of an American one, which was captured by an English frigate. The duke now discovered himself to the captain, and he and his brothers were landed at Havana on the eleventh day of March, 1798. Here they in vain attempted to procure a passage to Europe, and, though regretting their exile, were at last contented in obscurity, if they could obtain an honourable livelihood. The hopes which their reception at Havana inspired, were disappointed by the Court of Madrid, by which they were forced to leave Cuba; and an order was received by the Captain General of Havana to send the three brothers to New Orleans, without providing them with any means of support. They, however, refused to go, but went to the English Bahamas, where they were received by the Duke of Kent in the kindest manner. They sailed thence for New York, whence they sailed for Falmouth, and arrived in London in February, 1800. He took up his residence at Frickenham, and visited every thing curious in Great Britain, and attentively studied the political economy, and laws and manners of the country. In the month of November, 1809, he was married at Palermo to the Princess Amelia, daughter of the King of Sicily. On the fall Warranted Masters' Mates, Clerks of a yard of Napoleon, he repaired to Paris, where he remained | Sailing Masters, On the 3d of August he opened the Chambers, and and to-morrow the crowned choice of a nation. NAVAL. AMERICAN NAVY PAY. The new Naval Bill, increasing the pay of officers in the U. S. Naval service, was passed March 2, 1835. As an interesting matter of record, we give below the leading provisions of the Bill relating to officers, in a convenient form for reference. The pay mentioned, is such as is received when in actual service. The pay of officers, not on duty at sea, or off duty, or waiting orders, is considerably less. The Senior Captain, receives per annum squadrons, on foreign stations On other duty Commanders or Masters Commandant When attached to Navy Yards First Clerk to a commandant of a navy yard Clerk, to commanders of squadrons, captains 1,100 750 750 450 400 900 900 750 500 750 600 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE NAVY OF FRANCE the English Navy are, 44 admirals, 62 vice admirals, four gun ships and over, 104 frigates of and above 42 vice admirals, 22 rear admirals, 70 captains of line-of- There are 40 line-of-battle ships of 74 to 80 guns, 52 frigates 1st, 2d, and 3d rate, 25 corvettes, 17 steam ships, 300 brigs, schooners, &c. &c. In all about 434 vessels. Lieutenants, commanding 1,800 On other duty 1,500 Surgeons, for the first five years after date of his commission per year 1,000 For the second five years 1,200 third 1,400 1,600 After he shall have been commissioned as April 1. Peach trees in bloom. 2. Asparagus fit for the table. 3. Peas, beans, and onions planted. 6. Heart's ease and violets in bloom. 7. Beets, carrots, &c. planted. 10. Spring completely opened; and the prairies were green. Currant and gooseberry bushes in bloom. 13. Lilack and strawberries in bloom. 19. A great variety of wild flowers in bloom. |