work of Aristotle on astronomy is lost; and what is still more to be regretted, that of his disciple Eudemus on the history of astronomy. The poem on the Sphere attributed to Empedocles, B.c. 450, is probably much more modern. We now come to the period of history, and of the Alexandrian school. This article being for reference only we shall condense as much as possible the principal discoveries of the succeeding astronomers, in order of time. This could not be done in the chain of surmises mixed with history which we have just finished, since it is important to avoid confounding what is known with what is only supposed. Autolycus, B. c. 300. His books are the earliest which are extant in the Greek language on astronomy. They are two-1. On the sphere in motion. 2. On the rising and setting of the stars. He appears to have considered the year as exactly 365 days. another inequality in the moon's motion, which Ptolemy afterwards discovered (the evection.) He calculated eclipses, and used the results in the improvement of the Elements. He made one of the first steps towards a correct representation of phenomena, by supposing the sun to move round the earth in a circle, the earth not being at the centre. His catalogue of the longitudes and latitudes of 1081 stars was the first at all worthy of the name. If Hipparchus had possessed the pendulum and the telescope, fifty years might have enabled his successors to place astronomy in the state in which it stood at the birth of Newton. Considering his means, his observations are perhaps unequalled. After the death of Hipparchus there is no astronomer of eminence till Ptolemy. Between them we have Hypsicles of Alexandria, B. c. 146, wrote the 14th and 15th books of the Elements of Euclid, which contain some astronomical propositions. Euclid of Alexandria, B. c. 300. The Elements of Euclid show that the Greeks of his time had no trigo-to nometry. There is another work attributed to him, entitled Phenomena, which is no more than a treatise on the doctrine of the sphere. Aratus of Cilicia, B. c. 281, has left an astronomical poem, chiefly taken from Eudoxus, and valuable on account of the commentary of Hipparchus. Aristarchus of Samos, B. c. 280. His work on the magnitudes and distances of the sun and moon is the first attempt to measure the relative distances of these two bodies, by observing their angular distance at the time of half moon. To him also is attributed the opinion that the earth revolves round the sun. Manetho the Egyptian, B. c. 260. His history is lost, but a poem attributed to him remains. It is a description of the heavens, filled with astrology, and containing no observations. Geminus (of Rhodes?) B. c. 70, wrote an introduction the heavenly phenomena, containing no new discovery. It would seem he was not an observer. Posidonius about the same time attempted to verify the measure of the earth of Eratosthenes. His writings are all lost, but many of his opinions are preserved in Cleomedes and Strabo. He remarked (though probably he was not the first who did so) the connexion of high water with the southing of the moon. Theodosius of Bithynia, B. c. 50, left a work on spherical geometry, another on climates, and a third on the phenomena of day and night. Sosigenes of Alexandria, B. c. 50, corrected the calendar under Julius Cæsar. Hyginus left an astronomical description of the heavens. This brings us down to the birth of Christ. THE SUNDERBUNDS. Eratosthenes of Cyrene, B. c. 240, is said to have observed with some celebrated astrolabes which he erected at Alexandria, which remained standing till the This wild tract extends a hundred and eighty miles time of Ptolemy. Various works are attributed to him. He observed (either with a gnomon or with a meridian along the Bay of Bengal, and is filled with tigers and circle) the obliquity of the ecliptick, and the latitude of alligators of the largest kind, together with other creaAlexandria; and from the latter, and the fact that at tures of similar power and ferocity. There are two Syene the sun was vertical at the summer solstice, he passages through it, the northern Sunderbund passage, deduced an approximation to the earth's magnitude. the Hoogley, sixty-five miles below Calcutta, the other and the Balliaghaut passage. The first opens into His approximation makes a degree to be 700 stadia.into a shallow lake on the eastern side of the city. A catalogue of stars attributed to him (the oldest The navigation of these channels extends more than extant) is probably spurious, but shows that, in and about his time, the method of referring stars to their two hundred miles through an impenetrable jungle latitudes and longitudes was not practised. His value divided by creeks occasionally so narrow, that in some of the obliquity of the ecliptick-11 parts out of 166 of places branches of trees almost meet on either side, the whole circumference-was adopted by Hipparchus fully skirted with wood. Alligators innumerable are and in others you sail upon an expanded river beautiand Ptolemy. Archimedes of Syracuse died B. c. 212. He observed trunks of trees. It is scarcely possible to imagine seen sleeping along the shores, looking like huge solstices, and attempted to measure the sun's diame-them to be alive until they are disturbed, when they ter. His writings show that trigonometry was as yet scramble with surprising activity into the stream and banks of the creeks that divide the Sunderbunds to Great numbers of natives who frequent the cut wood and collect salt, are yearly devoured by these and other beasts of prey; indeed, the tigers are so boats and attack the crews at a considerable distance ravenous that they have been known to swim off to unknown Hipparchus (of Bithynia ?), B. c. 160-125, the greatest of all the Greeks in astronomy. In his youth he wrote a commentary on Aratus. He discovered the precession of the equinoxes, by comparing his own observations with those of Aristyllus and Timochares, or others of his predecessors. He was the first who employed processes analogous to those of plane and spherical trigonometry, for which he constructed a table of chords. He first used right ascensions and declinations, which he afterwards abandoned in favour of latitudes and longitudes. He suggested the method of referring terrestrial positions to latitude and longitude, and was probably the inventor of the stereographick projection. He determined the mean motion of the sun and of its apogee, the inequality of the sun's motion, and the length of the year, to greater exactness than his predecessors. He found the mean motion of the moon, of her nodes, and of her apogee; her parallax, eccentricity, the equation of her centre, and inclination of her orbit. His observations also led him to suspect sink. from the shore. their rude huts in this region of desolation. In spite Notwithstanding these perils, many devotees erect of the charms which they pretend to, and possess, and their propitiatory offerings to the tigers and alligators, these ignorant fanaticks are almost invariably destroyed by them; still other fanaticks supply their places: thus the wild savages of the forest are yearly food. It is astonishing to what lengths fanaticism supplied with no inconsiderable portion of sacred will go.-Oriental Annual. One catches more flies with honey than with vinegar. 365 NEW-HAVEN, CONN. The city of New-Haven, a seaport and semi-metropo- | York. The Indian name of New-Haven was Quinipi lis of Connecticut, is thirty-ve miles south-west of Hartford, seventy-six north-east from New-York, one hundred and thirty-four from Boston, and three hundred and four from Washington. ack. It was first settled by the English in 1638. It was the capital of the Colony of New-Haven, which continued distinct from the colony of Connecticut till 1665. The legislature of the state meets alternately The city lies round the head of a bay that sets up here and at Hartford. Yale college, one of the most about four miles north of Long Island sound, and is distinguished literary institutions in America, is estabsituated on a large and beautiful plain, which is bor- lished at New-Haven, it was incorporated in 1701; dered on the north partly by eminences called East was originally placed at Killingworth: in 1707, removed and West Rock, presenting bold and aimost perpendicu to Saybrook; in 1717, to New-Haven. There are ten lar columns of naked trap rock, 350 to 370 feet high. college buildings; four halls, 100 feet by 40, and four Two small rivers bound the city, one on the east and stories high, containing thirty-two rooms each for It was incorporated as a city students; a new and convenient chapel, one story of the other on the west. in 1784; three miles long from east to west, and two which is appropriated to the theological school, and miles wide. It is regularly laid out, and consists of another to the college library; two other buildings, The old town was laid containing rooms for recitations, lectures and libraries; two parts, old and new towns. out in a large square, and is divided into several smaller a dining-hall, of stone, with an elegant apartment above The central square is intersected by a beau- for the mineralogical cabinet and lectures, a chymical squares. On this street are laboratory; and medical college, a large edifice, of stone. tiful street, overspread by elms. erected three handsome churches. Near the centre of The college library contains 9500 volumes, and the the west section of this square is a new state-house, students' libraries 9000. The philosophical and chymbuilt after the model of the Parthenon. It has a com- ical apparatus are very good. The cabinet of minerals manding appearance; and its proportions, and the is the most valuable in the U. States. It contains style of its workmanship, rank it with the best American above 16,000 specimens. The number of instructers buildings. The city contains three handsome churches in the academical department of Yale college is twenty; for Congregationalists, and one for Methodist Episco- the number of alumni, 4505; the number of students, palians; two beautiful Gothick edifices, of stone, for without including medical, theological and law stu Episcopalians; one for Baptists, and one for Africans. dents, averages nearly 300. Commencement is held on the third Wednesday in August. There are three There is also a jail, an alms-house, a custom-house, a museum, two banks, two insurance-offices, an institution vacations, viz. from commencement, six weeks; from for popular lectures, opened during the year 1831, and the second Wednesday in January, two weeks; and six printing-offices, from which are issued five weekly from the first Wednesday in May, four weeks. In 1822, The number of students at present is newspapers, and three other periodicals. The houses a theological school was established in connexion with of New-Haven are mostly of wood, not expensive, but this college. handsome and convenient; and the city is one of the 42; and there are three professors. There is a medical most pleasant in the U. States. The publick square and school, the lectures of which begin six weeks after principal streets are finely ornamented with trees; and the college commencement. It has six professors and a great part of the houses have gardens filled with fruit- 48 students. There is also a law school, having two trees, which give to the city a rural and delightful ap- professors, and 44 students. These numbers are all The average pearance. The harbour is well defended from winds, given for the year 1831. The city is also celebrated but is shallow, and gradually filling up with mud; it for the number of its boarding schools and smaller semhas about seven feet on the bar at low water. The inaries for the young of both sexes. maritime commerce of New-Haven is greater than that number of persons who are here from abroad for the of any other town in Connecticut. Both the foreign purpose of education is supposed to be rarely below and the coasting trade are considerable, and packets and a thousand. Blue Laws is a name given to the quaint steamboats ply regularly between this city and New-regulations of the early government of New-Haven plantation, when the publick authorities kept a sharp watch over the deportment of the good people of the colony, and punished all breaches of good manners and good morals, often with a ludicrous formality. The population in 1810 amounted to 5772, in 1820 to 7147, and in 1831 to 10,678. CHYMISTRY. ON ATTRACTION AND REPULSION, CHYMICAL All the phenomena of the material universe may be ultimately resolved into two kinds of motion; namely, those resulting from the two principles of attraction and repulsion: in consequence of which, the particles of matter approach or move from each other according to laws which the intellect of man has been able to develop, but the causes of which appear to be beyond his comprehension. We distinguish two principal modes in which bodies are affected by these opposite forces in the first, motion is communicated to masses (or visible combinations of the ultimate atoms of bodies) at sensible distances; in the second, to the ultimate invisible atoms of bodies at insensible distances. To the former mode belong the attractions of gravitation, electricity, and magnetism; which we see exemplified respectively in the fall of a stone to the earth; the approach of light bodies to resinous substances, or glass, when rubbed; or of iron filings to a loadstone: to the latter may be referred the attraction of cohesion; of which we can form a correct idea from the strong adhesion, when pressed together, of the two halves of a leaden bullet which has been cleft asunder; and from the running together of two globules of clean quicksilver, when brought into contact, or of two drops of rain upon a pane of glass. In like manner, repulsion at sensible distances may be exemplified, by the force with which the particles of glass fly asunder in the common play-things called Prince Rupert's drops; by the flying off of the same light bodies which have been first attracted, after they have been some time in contact with an excited resin or glass, or by the recession from each other of the two similar ends of two magnetized needles and repulsion at insensible distances, which is chiefly excited by heat, may be seen in the expansion of the fluid of a thermometer, when warmed by the hand, or the gradual swelling out of a bladder, partly filled with air, before a fire. Attraction and repulsion, acting upon masses at sensible distances, form the particular study of natural philosophy (in the limited acceptation of the term ;) which also embraces the same phenomena acting at insensible distances upon particles of the same nature; as those of the globules of quicksilver, or of the air included in the bladder. The study of the effects of attraction and repulsion acting at insensible distances upon particles of different natures, constitutes the science of chymistry. The solution of a lump of sugar, or of alum, in water, is an example of this species of attraction; and the power which determines the union of the sugar, or of the alum, with the water, is specially denominated chymical affinity. The attraction of cohesion, or that force which unites together particles of the same nature, and different modifications of which occasion the variations of solids and liquids; as well as that power of repulsion, which is opposed to it, and which characterizes the state of aeriform fluids are, in fact, both opposed to chymical attraction, or the force which combines particles of different natures: and common experience daily proves, that a lump of sugar, or crystals of salts, are much more readily dissolved in water, if previously broken down or pounded, than if left in that solid form which the cohesion of their particles imparts. Instan ces will be hereafter pointed out, which will prove that the strongest chymical affinity may be held in check until cohesion has been destroyed. The following experiment beautifully illustrates the opposite action of these two attractions :-Place a lump of alum, of a nearly prismatick form, in a glass of water, and carefully watch, from time to time, for some days, the progress of its solution. At first, the water acts with so much energy as to overcome the cohesion of the solid in every direction alike; but as the particles of the alum become united with those of the water, the power of the solvent diminishes; and the lump of alum assumes a pyramidal shape, with the narrow end upwards. The reason of this change of form is, that the particles of water which combine first with the alum become heavier from the union, and fall to the bottom of the glass; and the action at the lower extremity ceases before it is complete at the upper. When the action has nearly terminated, if we closely examine the lump, we shall find it covered with geometrical figures, cut out, as it were, in relief upon the mass; showing, not only that cohesion resists the power of solution, but that, in the present instance, it resists it more in some directions than in others; and that, when the attraction of the solvent is nearly satisfied, it is balanced by that delicate modification of cohesion upon which crystalline arrangement depends. The consideration of the interesting phenomena of crystallization, however, forms one of the necessary subdivisions of our subject, and will be enlarged upon separately when the results of the present experiment will be further discussed.. It will be convenient to distinguish three degrees of chymical attraction ;-the result of the first and lowest degree is mixture; of the second solution; and of the third, and most energetick, composition. We shall endeavour to illustrate the distinctive characters of each of these modifications, and also to give a general idea of the various methods of decomposition arising from chymical repulsion; and in so doing, we shall hope to present such a preliminary view of affinity, as may assist the further progress of the student. It must, at the same time, be borne in mind, that the developement of the subject can only be found in the full details of chymical science. Chymical mixture can only take place between two bodies when the particles of both are in a like state, and the power of cohesion, with regard to them, so far suspended as to admit of that freedom of motion between themselves upon which fluidity depends: thus, two liquids, or two aeriform fluids may admit of mixture; but two solids can be chymically mixed only by diminishing their cohesion, by means of heat, to such a degree as to bring them both to the state of liquids. Between some fluids there appears to be no attraction; and, consequently, they do not admit of mixture: thus, if water and oil be agitated together, they almost immediately separate, and the lighter liquid floats upon the denser. Sulphurick acid, or oil of vitriol, and water, on the contrary, have a strong affinity for each other, and, when mixed together, will not again separate by repose; although one fluid is very much heavier than the other. Alcohol, or pure spirit, and water form a mixture of the like permanent character; and many similar instances might be adduced. Of the mixture of aeriform bodies we have an example in the atmosphere which we breathe; which consists principally of two species of air mingled together with wonderful uniformity: they have received the names of oxygen and nitrogen gases. They may be separated, and the latter exhibited in a detached form, by burning a little sulphur in a quantity of the atmosphere confined in a bell glass over water. When this process is performed with care, the oxygen is removed and the nitrogen remains. Of the propertie of these bodies this is not the place in which we propose to speak; but we shall only remark, at present, that the residual nitrogen differs so remarkably from the mixture from which it has been separated, as to be fatal to animal life, if breathed, and entirely to extinguish flame. The proportion which it bears to the total quantity upon which the experiment is tried is invariably the same. Unlike the case of liquids, all aeriform bodies have the property of mixing together. This difference in the two classes of bodies is to be ascribed to the different modification of the power of attraction between their constituent particles. In the instances where mixture does not take place between two liquids, as oil and water, or quicksilver and water, the still remaining attraction of cohesion between the similar particles is probably greater than the chymical attraction between the dissimilar particles. In aeriform fluids attraction of cohesion does not exist, (at least within the limits of common experience,) and the first degree of chymical attraction between the dissimilar particles comes into action unopposed. The expansive power of heat being opposed to cohesion, the attraction between the particles of some bodies may be so far counteracted by its agency as to reduce them to the fluid state, and then they may admit of mixture: thus melted tin may be mixed with melted lead or copper, and their particles remain intermingled, when from a diminution of temperature they resume the solid state. Chymical mixture may take place between two bodies in any proportions. Equal measures of sulphurick acid and water may be mixed together; or one drop of the former with a gallon of the latter; or a drop of the latter with a gallon of the former, or in any intermediate proportions; and in every case the mixture will be perfect, uniform, and permanent. In like manner, oxygen and nitrogen may be mixed in any proportions, although the atmospherick mixture is always constant. Chymical mixture between liquids is often attended by condensation or contraction of volume: so that a measure of sulphurick acid or of alcohol, mixed with an equal measure of water, will not quite fill two Mixtures of gaseous fluids cannot be separated by heat or cold, for they all expand in the same degree by equal increases of temperature: but steam and other vapours may be separated from gases by reduction of temperature; for the abstraction of heat destroys the elasticity of the former, but not of the latter. In this manner the aqueous vapour, which is always mixed in a greater or less proportion with the gases of the atmosphere, may be separated; and hence the origin of clouds and fogs. TEMPERANCE. Extracts from a discourse delivered before the "Water Street Temperance Society," Pittsfield, Ms. Aug. 24, 1834. By the Editor. THE REFORMERS.-The eminent success which has attended Temperance Reformers, the resonableness of their object and principles, the innocent simplicity of their demands, and the extensive utility of their ultimate aim, places them beyond the reach of cavil. The history of their progress, has been the history of the triumphs of reason and morality. It presents one of the most splendid evidences of the almost unlimited limited in quantity, as important in quality, which may power of moral capacity; and of the benefits, as unresult to the world from the exercise of moral energy. It presents a series of successes attendant upon the developements of truth and reason, unparalleled either in ancient or modern times, both in their extent, and in their beneficial results, to the political and religious world, and to social and individual happiness. the suppression of intemperance; an evil enormous in THEIR OBJECT.-The Reformers had for their object its extent and magnitude, as dangerous and destructive in its effects and consequences; an egregious national sin, than which none, more at war with every principle social and individual happiness, and the purity of our at war with national, of political economy, more institutions, ever crept into our system of self-government. There was no limit to the evil, it infested every part of the country, cursed almost every social circle, the halls of legislation, disgraced the bench, the pulpit and polluted every channel in our system. It infected and the bar, and threatened to rob that palladium of justice, the jury, of its integrity. The properties of bodies are not essentially changed "Each mortal seemed to boast the power, at least, by mixture; but those of the resulting product are in In transformation, to become a beast." some degree intermediate between their component The simple means of intemperance cost our country parts: the character, however, of the more active in- millions of money, and its results, thousands of lives, gredient will predominate, in a degree, of course, pro- and incalculable abasement and misery. Millions portionate to its quantity. A few drops of sulphurick more were expended annually, to relieve the country acid will communicate an intensely sour taste to a of its baleful train of consequences. About three quart of water; but the same number of drops of al-fourths of our taxes went to its support. For nearly cohol will scarcely effect the sensible properties of an equal quantity of that fluid. The separation of liquid mixtures may be effected by either the addition or substraction of heat; by the unequal effect produced upon the cohesive attractions of their ingredients. By carefully applying heat to a mixture of alcohol and water, the spirit will rise in vapour and leave the water pure; this process is called evaporation, where the elastick fluid is allowed to escape; but when it is separately recondensed and preserved, it is termed distillation. On the other hand, by the application of cold to a similar mixture, the cohesion of the particles of water may be so much more increased than that of the particles of the spirit, that the former will separate in a solid form, and leave the latter in a state of purity. It is thus that in the Arctic regions the watery particles of brandy are frozen by exposure to the air, and a very small quantity of strong spirit is left in the fluid state in the interiour of the mass. all our paupers and about nineteen twentieths of all our criminals were the offspring of this monster. It filled our hospitals and asylums with insanity and disease, burdened the community with loathsome indolence and depravity, stagnated the channels of industry, and robbed labour of its wages. The evil had become of such a formidable magnitude, that none were safe, scarce a family escaped without yielding up one or more of its members, to the seducements of this great Moloch. There was a general deterioration of the physical and moral character. It polluted religion, and undermined virtue, destroyed hope, and robbed affection of its endearments. It promoted every thing bad, and counteracted every thing good. And it was a marked and fearful feature, in the character of this evil, that it brought no commuting benefits, no redeeming equivalents. In all its features, in all that it was capable of doing, in all its influence and effects, it was evil, only evil, and that continually. That this was, and is, and ever will be the character of intemperance all will have the candour to admit, for all reason proves it, | to us the formidable nature of this deep-seated malady and all experience confirms it. THE REMEDY.-But there was hope of redemption in the land. From a spark which originated from the mere suggestion of the evils of intemperance, the spirit of reform was nursed into a flame that overspread our whole country. With the rapid flight of a celestial bird, the voice of temperance has winged its way into every city and town, every village and hamlet from the St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico, from the shores of the Atlantic, to beyond the valley of the Mississip- | pi. And it has carried "a healing in its wings," and admonition in its voice, that deserves the gratitude of religion, and the applause of virtue. For temperance has purified the channels of the nation's prosperity of their corruption, exalted the standard of morals, taught virtue to lift up her head, religion to assert her voice, and given to all who receive her, the reward of peace and happiness. Sophistry has been confounded, prejudice dissipated, habit and bigotry overcome, errour enlightened, honesty in unbelief redeemed, misery alleviated, abasement regenerated, property preserved. The habitations of sorrow, have been made to smile with hope and cheerfulness, the hum of industry is heard in the places that were deserted, plenty has relieved penury and want, parents and sons wandering in the insanity of intemperance have been restored, vice has been uprooted and crime arrested; the whirl-pool of folly has been robbed of half its victims, and the angel of destruction has been cheated of his harvest. in the moral system; it evidences the power of this gigantick hydra, and the fearful tenacity of its demonlack grasp upon our country. It gives a warning to temperance men and temperance societies, to stand fast to the enterprise, to persevere in the good work, and continue to strengthen themselves, so long as a semblance of opposition remains in the land. In this WHO AND WHAT ARE THE OPPOSITION? matter as well as in all others, we wish all things to be called by their right names, and properly understood and explained. We wish to know on which side of the fence people are to be found, and what may be expected from them either as good citizens or good christians. "Patriotism requires that the man who loves his country, should shrink from no personal sacrifice, if he can thereby arrest some great national evil." How great is the evil of intemperance, facts have proved. And I venture to assert, that if the tax which intemperance imposes, had been imposed upon us as colonies by any transatlantick power, upon any possible pretext, there is not a man in the community who would not have felt called upon by natural justice, by the voice of patriotism and the indignation of insulted right, to shoulder his musket, and fight, boldly and manfully fight, for his liberties, his free institutions, his home and his country! It is therefore just as inconsistent with the profession of patriotism, to countenance intemperance in any way, as it would be traitorously to connive at the inroads of an enemy. Therefore they have no patriotism on their side. That And the blessings of the temperance reformation do the accessory is as bad as the principal, is common not stop here. In the great moral revolution that has law. Now intemperance is an egregious vice, leading taken place new light has been thrown upon the conduct to crime of all descriptions. Those who countenance of life, upon the establishment of the social system, and intemperance therefore, encourage vice, and become men have been taught to contemplate the purposes for the abettors of crime. Now vice and virtue are not which they were created, and the relation which they associates, but rather the opposite of each other; conshould sustain, to each other, and to their Almighty sequently they cannot have virtue on their side. The Creator. They have been taught, that in a community New Testament calls drunkenness wickedness; exof human beings, a vast amount of individual respon-pressly prohibits it, and declares that no drunkard can sibility rests upon every member; and that for the full enter the kingdom of heaven. Now men must be discharge of that responsibility, will they be account- either with us or on the other side. If they are on the able to heaven. They have been shown that intem- other side, they are countenancing intemperance, which perance or its encouragement, is inconsistent with is prohibited; and therefore living in habitual sin. Christian practices and the profession of religion. This being inconsistent with the practice and duty of Temperance societies have therefore lent a powerful a christian, it follows, that they cannot have christianhand to religion. They have also enlightened the ity on their side. We are not concerned with the world, with the results of scientifick investigations, argument here, for the authority is conclusive. Mowhich will prove to be of permanent utility. They rality, comprises the duties of life. Both philosophy have brought thousands back to that state of primitive and religion have settled these duties; and men who simplicity which found in temperance a promoter of ever reflect must know what they are. Now, if by health, tranquillity and happiness, and a procurer of some strange infatuation, not stranger than that of inlongevity. And they have taught tens of thousands temperance, hundreds of men had taken it into their to feel and know the delights of temperance, and to heads, that arsenick was a substance highly nutritious wonder at the strange infatuation that ever tempted and beneficial to the health; and an apothecary should them into its opposite. Their benevolent and philan- sell it to them perfectly aware of its poisonous fatalthropick efforts have extended beyond the limits of ity, would it not be an outrage upon the community, a our own country, and given a liberal impulse to the sin against society, and morally wrong? There seems cause of the temperance reformation in Great Britain, to be nothing plainer. And the man who stood by, Sweden, Russia, India, New Holland and South and encouraged it but by his silence even, would be Africa. And the spirit of reform seems determined equally culpable. And have we not the opinion of not to rest, till the curse of intemperance is driven five thousand physicians in our country, that ardent from the world. spirits as drinks are in all cases useless to men in health, and absolutely destructive of the physical constitution? And have we not the testimony of rational philosophy in all ages and countries, that intoxication deranges the intellect, pollutes the affections, corrupts the morals, and undermines happiness? What then can be the difference between the moral culpability of the apothecary and the by-stander, and the dealer in ardent spirits and those who encourage its use? I can perceive none. So then they have not even morality on their side. Here then we have a view of the interesting association opposing us; the motley crew of the temperate drinkers and the drunkards; the half measure whimperers, and the traffickers; bound together no doubt by a pleasurable fellow feeling, stripped A COROLLARY.-Thus we behold the happy and beneficial effects of temperance organizations. Thus far we are made certain of the comparative utility and inutility of temperance and its opposite. Is it not a matter of surprise therefore, that in full view of the salutary and delightful tendency of the one, and the alarming hideousness, the destructive depravity of the other, that even at this short period, after the eyes of people have been opened and their understandings enlightened on this subject, there should be any necessity for the watchfulness of temperance organizations; that there should be any opposition in a christian land to this heaven-born enterprise, ever distributing good and counteracting evil? But so it is; and it proves |