the minster at Gloucester, which himself had raised to the glory of God and of St. Peter; and so he went to Jerusalem with such splendour as none other had displayed before him, and there devoted himself to God: and a worthy gift he also offered at our Lord's tomb; that was a golden chalice of five marks of very wonderful work. In the same year died pope Stephen [IX.], and Benedict [X.] was appointed pope: he sent a pall to bishop Stigand. Aegelric was ordained bishop of Sussex,' and abbat Sihward of Rochester.

A.D. 1058. This year died pope Stephen, and Benedict was hallowed pope the same sent hither to [this] land a pall to archbishop Stigand. And in this year died Heaca, bishop of Sussex; and archbishop Stigand ordained Aegelric, a monk, at Christchurch, bishop of Sussex, and abbat Siward bishop of Rochester.

chosen pope, he and Benedict was And in this year

A.D. 1059. In this year was Nicholas [II.] had before been bishop of the town of Florence; driven away, who had there before been pope. was the steeple consecrated at Peterborough, on the 16th of the kalends of November [17th Oct.].

A.D. 1060. In this year there was a great earthquake on the Translation of St. Martin [4th July]: and king Henry died in France. And Kynsie, archbishop of York, departed on the 11th of the kalends of January [22d Dec.], and he lies at Peterborough; and bishop Ealdred succeeded to the bishopric, and Walter succeeded to the bishopric of Herefordshire: and bishop Dudoc also died; he was bishop in Somerset; and Gisa the priest was appointed in his stead."

6

A.D. 1061. This year bishop Ealdred went to Rome after his pall, and he received it from pope Nicholas. And Tostig the earl and his wife also went to Rome: and the bishop and the earl suffered much distress as they came homeward. And this year died Godwine, bishop of St. Martin's; and Wulfric, abbat of St. Augustine's, on the 14th of the kalends of April [May ?]. And pope Nicholas died, and Alexander [II.] was chosen pope: he had been bishop of Lucca.

A.D. 1061. 10 In this year died Duduc, bishop of Somerset, and Gisa succeeded. And in the same year died Godwin, bishop of St. Martin's, on the 7th of the ides of March [9th March]. And in the self-same year died Wulfric, abbat of St. Augustine's, within the Easter week, on the 14th of the kalends of May [18th April]. When word came to the king that abbat Wulfric was departed, then chose he Aethelsige the monk thereto, from the old-minster, who then followed archbishop Stigand, and was consecrated abbat at Windsor, on St. Augustine's-mass day [26th May].

A.D. 1062.11

12

A.D. 1063. In this year, after midwinter, Harold the earl went from Gloucester to Rudelan, which was Griffin's, and burned the

7" Henry, the king of the Franks, died, and Philip, his son, succeeded him." E. Latin.

9 St. Martin's, at Canterbury.

8 From D.

10 From E.

11"This year Mans was subjugated to William, earl of Normandy." E.

12 D.

vill, and his ships, and all the stores which thereto belonged, and put him to flight. And then, at Rogation-tide [26th May], Harold went with his ships from Bristol about Wales; and the people made a truce and delivered hostages; and Tostig went with a landforce against them: and they subdued the land. But in this same year, during harvest, was king Griffin slain, on the nones of August [5th Aug.], by his own men, by reason of the war that he warred with Harold the earl. He was king over all the Welsh race: and his head was brought to Harold the earl, and Harold brought it to the king, and his ship's head, and the "bone" therewith. And king Edward committed the land to his two brothers, Blethgent and Rigwatla; and they swore oaths, and delivered hostages to the king and to the earl, that they would be faithful to him in all things, and be everywhere ready for him, by water and by land, and make such renders from the land as had been done before to any other king.

A.D. 1063. 1This year went Harold the earl, and his brother Tostig the earl, as well with a land force as a ship force, into Wales, and they subdued the land; and the people delivered hostages to them, and submitted; and went afterwards and slew their king Griffin, and brought to Harold his head; and he appointed another king thereto.

A.D. 1064.

A.D. 21065. In this year, before Lammas [1st Aug.], Harold the earl ordered a building to be erected in Wales at Portskeweth, after he had subdued it; and there he gathered much good; and thought to have king Edward there for the purpose of hunting. But when it was all ready, then went Caradoc, Griffin's son, with the whole force which he could procure, and slew almost all the people who there had been building; and they took the good which there was prepared. We wist not who first devised this ill counsel. This was done on St. Bartholomew's-mass day [24th Aug.].

And soon after this, all the thanes in Yorkshire and in Northumberland gathered themselves together, and outlawed their earl, Tostig, and slew his household men, all that they might come at, as well English as Danish: and they took all his weapons at York, and gold, and silver, and all his treasures which they might any where there hear of, and sent after Morkar, the son of Aelfgar the earl, and chose him to be their earl: and he went south with all the shire, and with Nottinghamshire, and Derbyshire, and Lincolnshire, until he came to Northampton: and his brother Eadwine came to meet him with the men who were in his earldom, and also many Britons came with him. There came Harold the earl to meet them; and they laid an errand upon him to king Edward, and also sent messengers with him, and begged that they might have Morkar for their earl. And the king granted it, and sent Harold again to them at Northampton, on the eve of St. Simon's and St. Jude's mass [27th Oct.]; and he made known the same to them, and delivered a pledge thereof unto them and he there renewed Cnut's law. But the northern men did much harm about Northampton whilst he went on their errand, inasmuch as they 2 D. C. A.D. 1064, E.

1 E.

:

slew men and burned houses and corn; and took all the cattle which they might come at, that was many thousand: and many hundred men they took and led north with them; so that that shire, and the other shires which there are nigh, were for many years the worse. And Tostig the earl, and his wife, and all those who would what he would, went south over sea with him to Baldwin the earl, and he received them all; and they were all the winter there. And king Edward came to Westminster at midwinter, and there caused to be consecrated the minster which himself had built to the glory of God and of St. Peter, and of all God's saints; and the church-hallowing was on Childermass day [28th Dec.]. And he died on Twelfth-day eve [5th Jan. 1066], and they buried him on Twelfth-day, in the same minster, as it hereafter sayeth.

Here Edward king,
of Angles lord,
sent his truthful
soul to Christ,
his spirit holy
in God's protection.
He in the world here
dwelt awhile
in royal majesty
mighty in council.
Four-and-twenty
(lordly ruler!)

of winters numbered,
he wealth dispensed;
and he a prosperous tide,
ruler of heroes,
distinguished governed,
Welsh and Scots,
and Britons also,
son of Ethelred,
Angles and Saxons,
chieftains bold.
Where'er embrace
cold ocean-waves,
there all to Edward,
noble king!
obeyed faithfully
the warrior-men.
Aye was blithe-minded
the harmless king,
though he long erst
of land bereaved,
in exile dwelt

wide o'er the earth

since Cnut overcame
the race of Aethelred,
and the Danes possessed
the dear kingdom
of England,
eight-and-twenty
winters by number,
dispensed wealth.

Afterwards came forth,
noble in his array,
a king very good,
pure and mild,
Edward the noble.
The land he guarded,
the land and the people,
until there suddenly came
bitter death

and took away one so dear.
The angels carried

this noble one from the earth,
this true soul

into the light of heaven.
And yet the wise man
committed this realm
to a man highly born,
even to Harold,
that noble earl.
He always
faithfully obeyed
his rightful lord
in words and deeds
nor neglected anything
which was needful
to his sovereign king.

And this year also was Harold consecrated to [be] king, and he continued therein with little quiet whilst he possessed the kingdom.

A.D. 1065. And the slaughter of the men was on the mass-day of St. Bartholomew [24th Aug.]. And then after Michaelmas [29th Sept.], all the thanes in Yorkshire went to York, and there slew all the house-carls of earl Tostig, of whom they could hear, and took his treasures; and Tostig was then at Brytford with the king. And then, very soon thereafter there was a great meeting at Northampton, and likewise one at Oxford, on the day of Simon and Jude [28th Oct.]. And earl Harold was there, and he wished to reconcile them, if he could, but he could not; but all his earldom, and all those who had upreared lawlessness along with him, unanimously forsook him, and outlawed him, because he robbed God first and plundered all those over whom he had power as to life and land. And they then took to themselves Morkere for their earl, and Tostig went then over the sea, and his wife with him, to Baldwin's land, and they took up their winter residence at St. Omers.

A.D. 1066. This year came Harold the king from York to Westminster, at that Easter which was after the midwinter upon which the king died; and Easter was then on this day, viz. the 16th of the kalends of May [16th April]. Then was there seen all over England such a token in the heavens as no man had ever seen before. Some men said that it was the star Cometa, which some persons call the hairy star, and it appeared first on the eve Litania Major on the 8th of the kalends of May [24th April], and so shone all the seven nights. And soon thereafter came Tostig the earl from beyond sea into Wight, with as great a fleet as he might procure; and there they rendered to him as well money as provisions. And king Harold, his brother, gathered as great a ship army and also a land army as no king here on [this] land before had done, because it was intimated to him that William the bastard would come hither and win this land, just as it afterwards happened. And in the meanwhile came earl Tostig into the Humber with sixty ships; and Eadwine the earl came with a land force and drove him out. And the butse-carls forsook him and went to Scotland with twelve vessels; and Harold, king of Norway, met him there with three hundred ships, and Tostig submitted to him and became his homager. And then both of them went into the Humber until they came to York; and there Eadwine the earl, and Morkere the earl, his brother, fought against them, but the North-men had the victory.

Then it was told to Harold, king of the English, that this had thus happened, and this fight was on the vigil of St. Matthew [20th Sept.]. Then came Harold, our king, on the North-men unawares [24th Sept.], and encountered them beyond York, at Steinfordbridge, with a great army of English folk: and there during the [whole] day there was a very strong fight on both sides. There was slain Harold Harfager and earl Tosti; and the North-men who there remained were put to flight, and the English from behind slew them furiously, until some of them came to their ships. Some were drowned, and some also were burned, and so in different ways destroyed that few were left; and the English had possession of the place of slaughter. The king then gave his

4

1 C. in continuation, after the passage in the text ending with the words, "who there had been building;" A.D. 1065, p. 115. 2 D. C.

3 D. For the remainder of C. see the continuation appended to the text. This is a mistake; we should here read, "Hardrada."

protection to Olaf, the son of the king of the Norsemen, and to their bishop, and to [Paul] the earl of Orkney, and to all those who were left in the ships; and they then went up to our king, and swore oaths that they would ever keep peace and friendship towards this land, and the king let them go home with twenty-four ships. These two general battles were fought within five days.

Then came William, earl of Normandy, to Pevensey, on the eve of the mass of St. Michael [28th Sept.], and as soon as they had arrived they built at the town of Hastings. This was then intimated to king Harold, and he then gathered a large army, and came against him at the Hoar Apple-tree, and William came against him unawares before his people were put in array. But the king nevertheless very boldly fought against him along with those men who would support him; and there was there great slaughter made on either side. There was slain king Harold and earl Leofwine his brother, and earl Gyrth his brother, and many good men; and the French had possession of the place of slaughter, entirely as God permitted for the sins of the people. Adred, the archbishop, and the citizens of London, wished them to have Eadgar, child, as king, as was his undoubted hereditary right; and Edwine and Morkere promised him that they would fight along with him. But just in proportion as it ought to have been the forwarder, so was it from day to day the later and the worse, so that at the last it entirely passed away. This fight was done on the day of pope Calixtus [14th Oct.]. And earl William went again to Hastings, and waited there [to ascertain] whether the people would submit to him. And when he perceived that the people would not come to him, he went up with all the army which remained to him, and that which afterwards had come from over sea to him, and he harried all that district which he passed over, until that he came to Berkhampstead. And there came to meet him archbishop Ealdred, and Eadgar, child, and earl Eadwine, and earl Morkere, and all the best men of London, and submitted then of necessity, when the greatest harm had been done; and this was great folly that they had not done so sooner, since God would not better it for our sins; and they gave him pledges and swore oaths to him and he promised them that he would be to them a faithful lord; nevertheless in the meanwhile they harried all that they passed over. Then on midwinter's day [25th Dec.], Ealdred, archbishop, consecrated him as king at Westminster, and he pledged him with Christ's book, and moreover swore, before he would place the crown on his head, that he would rule this nation as well as any king before him had done at the best, provided they [the people] would be faithful to him. Yet he nevertheless laid a very heavy tribute upon the people; and afterwards, during Lent, he went over the sea to Normandy, and took with him Stigand, the archbishop, and abbat Aegelnath, of Glastonbury, and Eadgar, child, and earl Eadwine, and earl Morkere, and earl Waeltheof, and many other good men of England. And bishop Oda1 and

1 Odo, bishop of Bayeux, half-brother of king William, and William Fitzosbert, created earl of Hereford.