It will be seen how skilfully the author of this famous forgery brings in the names of real people while confusing their connexion and their dates. Richard de Rullos, for in

19 The names of the churches he bestowed on the Priory illustrate the constituents of the Honour of Bourne.

stance, was living shortly before 1130, yet is here described as living under the Conqueror, though represented as marrying the great granddaughter of a man who was himself in the prime of life in 1062. The whole account of him as an ardent agriculturist, devoted to the improvement of live stock and the reclamation of waste, is quaintly anachronistic; but the fact of his being a friend and benefactor to Crowland is one for which the writer had probably some ground. For my part, I attach most importance to his incidental statement that the daring deeds of Hereward the outlaw, "adhuc in triviis canuntur," an allusion, perhaps unnoticed, to a ballad history, surviving, it may be, so late as the days when the forgery was compiled.

But, leaving Hereward, no entries in this list are more deserving of notice than those which bring before us the famous name of Nevile :

Gislebertus de Nevila [tenet] ii. carrucatas in Lincolnescira, et servit Abbatiæ pro ii. hidis et inde invenit i. militem (p. 171).

Radulfus de Nevila [tenet] x. carrucatas in Lincolnescira et i. hidam et dimidiam in Hamtonascira et servit se tercio milite (p. 175).

Hugh Candidus wrote of the former :

Heres Galfridi de Nevile tenet in Lincolnescire, scilicet in Waletone (sic) justa Folkingham, et Yoltorpe duas carrucatas terre et inde facit plenum servitium unius militis (p. 59).

With this clue we are enabled to detect Gilbert de Nevile in that "Gislebertus homo Abbatis," who held of the Abbot (D.B., i. 3456) at "Walecote" (Walcot near Folkingham). So also Hugh "Candidus" writes of the other Nevile fee:

Heres Radulfi de Nevile tenet decem carrucatas terræ in Lincolnshire, scilicet in Scottone Malmetone; et in Norhamtonscire unam hidam et dimidiam, scilicet in Holme, Rayniltorp, et inde facit plenum servitium trium militum (p. 55).

It is, then, Ralf de Nevile that we have in that "Radulfus homo Abbatis," who held of him at "Mameltune," and

Domesday Tenants Identified

167

"Rageneltorp" with "Holm" in Domesday (i. 345b, 346)— Manton, with Raventhorpe and Holme (near Bottesford, co. Linc.) for Hugh, of course, has blundered in placing the two latter places in Northamptonshire.20 The Testa, more exact, enables us to add Ashby to Holme and Raventhorp as part of one estate, held as a single knight's fee. Scotton, in the same neighbourhood, was held by "Ricardus" in Domesday, but, in the hands of Nevile's heirs, represented a fee and a third.

Between Ralf and Gilbert de Nevile on fo. 346 we find "Gislebertus homo Abbatis" holding ten bovates at Hibaldstow. This was the "Gislebertus Falvel" of our return, not Gilbert de Nevile.

The last Domesday name I shall identify is that of the Abbot's under-tenant "Eustacius," who held of him at Polebrook, Clapton (Northants), and Catworth (Hunts). He was, I believe, the same as that Eustace who held land, as a tenant-in-chief, at Polebrook, Northants, and with that Eustace the sheriff ("Vice-comes") who held (at Catworth, Hunts) also in capite. Indeed the abbot's tenant is identified with the latter in the story of the foundation of Huntingdon Priory (Mon. Ang., vi. 78), where, as in our list, we find that his two knight's fees soon passed to Lovetot.21

We may learn from this identification that two different tenants-in-chief and at least one under-tenant may prove to be all one man, just as, on the other hand, we found three

20 The name of Ralf de Nevilla occurs in full in the Lincolnshire "Clamores” (i. 3766), annihilating the old assertion that this famous surname is nowhere found in Domesday. (See my letter in Academy, xxxvii. 373.)

"It is specially interesting to trace his holding at Winwick, Hunts, which then lay partly in Northants. As "Eustachius " he held in capite at "Winewincle" (i. 228), as "Eustachius Vicecomes at "Winewiche" (i. 206), and as "Eustacius," a tenant of the Abbot, at "Winewiche" (i. 221). In the first two cases his under-tenants are given as "Widelard[us]" and "Oilard[us]," doubtless the same man. For "Winewincle" we should probably read "Winewicke." See also p. 222, infra.

distinct Rogers among the Domesday under-tenants of the Abbot. An additional conclusion is suggested by the name "Eustachius de Huntendune," given to this sheriff in the Inquisitio Eliensis.22 For we find Picot, the Sheriff of Cambridgeshire, similarly styled in Domesday (i. 200), “Picot de Grentebrige." "Ilbert de Hertford," I think, was the Sheriff of Hertfordshire,23 and Hamo, a contemporary sheriff of Kent, attests a charter as "Hamo de Cantuaria." Turold, sheriff of Lincolnshire, is found as Turold "of Lincoln " (see p. 329), and Hugh, sheriff of Dorset, as Hugh "of Wareham," while Walter and Miles "of Gloucester," Edward and Walter "of Salisbury," are also cases in point. Hugh "of Leicester" was sheriff of Leicestershire temp. Henry I., while Turchil "de Warwic" (D.B., i. 240b) may possibly have owed that appellation to the fact that his father Elfwine was sheriff of Warwickshire. Enough, in any case, has been said to show that it was a regular practice for sheriffs to derive, as often did earls, their styles from the capital town of their shire.

22 Inq. Com. Cant., Ed. Hamilton, p. 111.
23 Ib., 56, 192.

Date of the Survey

169

THE WORCESTERSHIRE SURVEY

WE

(Temp. HENRY I.)

E have, in the case of the see of Worcester, the means of testing some of the changes which took place among its tenants within a generation of Domesday. This is a survey of that portion of its lands which lay within the county of Worcester. Although printed by Hearne in his edition of Heming's Cartulary (fos. 141, 141d), it escaped notice, I believe, till I identified it myself in Domesday Studies (p. 546). As it follows immediately on the transcript of the Domesday Survey of the fief, the fact that it represents a later and distinct record might, at first sight, be overlooked.

In spite of the importance of Heming's Cartulary in its bearing on the Domesday Survey, the documents of which it contains the transcripts have been hopelessly confused and misunderstood. Professor Freeman, dealing with them, came to utter grief, and as for Mr. De Gray Birch, he not only took this Survey temp. Henry I. to be a portion of Domesday itself, which "should be collated with the original MS. at the Record Office," but even repeated Ellis's blunder, that the names in a document temp. Bishop John [1151-7] represent "the list of jurors for the Hundred of Oswaldeslaw" at the Domesday Survey. 5

4

1 See my paper "An early reference to Domesday" (Domesday Studies, PP. 542-4).

Domesday Studies, p. 513; Domesday Book (S.P.C.K.), p. 305.
Introduction to Domesday, i. 19.

Domesday Studies, p. 547

Domesday Book (S.P.C.K.), pp. 78, 305.