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The mother of Alfred was named Osburga, a religious woman, noble both by birth and by nature; she daughter of Oslac, the famous butler of king Etheluulf, which Oslac was a Goth by nation, descended from the Goths and Jutes, of the seed, namely, of Stuf and Wihtgar, two brothers and counts, who, having received possession of the Isle of Wight from their uncle, king Cerdic, and his son Cynric their consin, slew the few British inhabitants whom they could find in that island, at a place called Wihtgarabirig; for the other inhabitants of the island had either been slain before, or escaped into exile.

850. On the calends of June [June 1], the eve of Whitsun

day, Berhtferth, son of Berhtulf king of the Mercians, unjustly slew his relation St Wistan. Now this man was the grandson of two Mercian kings: for his father Wigmund was son of king Wiglaf, but his mother Elfleda was daughter of king Ceoluulf. But his body, being borne to the monastery at that time so famous, named Reopedun [REPTON], was buried in the mausoleum of his grandfather king Wiglaf. To his martyrdom heavenly miracles were not wanting for from the place in which the innocent youth was slain, a column of light, stretching up to heaven, was visible for 30 days to all the neighbours of that place.

851. Ceorl earl of Devon, with the men of Devon, fought against the pagans at a place called Wicganbeorh; and the Christians gained the victory.

And that same year the pagans first wintered in the island called Sheppey, which means the Sheep-isle, and is situated on the river Thames between Essex and Kent, but is nearer to Kent than to Essex; it has in it a fine monastery.

ง The consul also named

Ceorl, with the people of
Devonshire, fought against
the pagans, and slew many,
and was victorious at Wien-

orne.

7 This year the army of the
pagans first stopped through
the whole winter in this
country.

Simeon

lem, who was the son of
Enoch, who was the son of
Malaleel, who was the son of
Canaan, who was the son of
Enos, who was the son of
Seth, who was the son of
Adam the first man.

But the mother of king Elfred
was called Osburg; she was
a very religious woman and
noble in disposition, which
nobility she adorned with
prudence of mind. Her
father also was called Oslac;
he was the devoted and
faithful butler of king Ethel-
wlf. For he was sprung
from the Goths and the Jutes,
of the seed of Stuph and
Wihtgar, two brothers.

Having premised these things, let us now, as far as we can, pursue the course of the work, which we have undertaken.

In the year of our Lord's incarnation 851 and the third from the birth of Alfred, earl Ceorl fought against the Danes, and the Christians gained the victory over their

enemies.

The Danes also wintered in the island which is called Sheppey, i. e. Sheep-island.

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Asser

The same year also a great army of the pagans came with three hundred and fifty ships to the mouth of the river Thames, and sacked Dorubernia, § which is the city of the Cantuarians, [and also the city of London,*] which lies on the north bank of the river Thames, on the confines of Essex and Middlesex; but yet that city belongs in truth to Essex; and they put to flight Beorhtulf, king of Mercia, with all the army, which he had led out to oppose them.

After these things, the same army of pagans went into

Surrey, which is a district situated on the south bank of the river Thames, and to the west of Kent. And Ethelwulf, king of the Saxons, and his son Æthelbald, with all their army, fought a long time against them at a place called Ac-lea, i. e. the Oak-plain, and there, after a lengthened battle, which was fought with much bravery on both sides, the

greater part of the pagan multitude was destroyed and cut to pieces, so that we never heard of their being so slaughtered, either before or since, in any country, in one day; and the Christians gained an honourable victory, and were triumphant over the place of death.

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T The Annals have " Athelstan son of King Adhelwlf." He was king of the eastern subject kingdom of Kent, Essex, and Sussex. Some call him

brother of Ethelwolf.

1 And the same year king

Ethelstan T and alderman

Ealchere fought on shipboard, and cut off a large army at Sandwich in Kent, and took nine ships, and put the others to flight.

In the same year king Æthel

stan and earl Ealhere slew a large army of the pagans in Kent, at a place called Sandwich, and took nine ships of their fleet; the others escaped by flight.

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After these things, the same army of pagans went into

Surrey, which is

a district situated on the south bank of the river Thames, and to the west of Kent. And Ætheluulf, king of the West-Saxons, and his son Æthelbald, with all their army, fought a long time against them at a place called Ac-lea, i. e. the Oak-plain, and there, after a fierce battle, which was fought with much bravery on both sides, the greater part of the pagan multitude was destroyed and cut to pieces, so that we never heard of their being so slaughtered, either before or since, in any country, in one day; and the Christians gained an honourable victory, and were triumphant over the place of death.

In the same year king Æthelstan and earl Ealhere slew a large army of the pagans in Kent, at a place called Sandwich, and took nine ships of

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fought in England. You might then have seen warrior men fall on both sides like a crop of corn, and streams of blood roll with them the heads and limbs of the slain. But would it not be too great and wearying prolixity to describe each particular? God gave the fortune of the battle to those who believed in him, and unutterable anguish to those who despised him. King Adelwlf then was the glorious victor.

Simeon

In the same year a great army of pagans came with 350 ships into the mouth of the river Thames. Who laid waste Doroberbia,i.e. the city of the Kentish men, and put to flight Berhtulf king of the Mercians with all his army, who had come to do battle against them.

After this the Danes became more bold, and all their army was drawn together in Surrey. Which the warlike Ethelwlf king of the Saxons hearing, both he and his son Ethelbald with him collected a large army in a place which is called Aclea, that is, in the field of the oak. And when the pride of the English nation shone with glancing arms, the English fought a very long time with the Danes; bravely striving against them, because they saw that their king fought fiercely, therefore they became braver than their enemies in war. And when they had manfully striven for a very long time, and both sides fought with much sharpness and spirit, the greatest part of the Pagan throng was thoroughly cut off and slain, so that never in any land, in one day, before

or after, did so many fall. The Christians however on that same day honourably INCARNATIONIS 852 to this para gained the victory and were

* Simeon prefixes ANNO DOMINICE graph, but the other chroniclers are against him.

4 The same year Edelstan, king of Kent, and duke Ealhere, fought a naval battle against the Danes at Sandwich, and having made a great slaughter of the enemy,

masters of the field of death, giving thanks to the Lord in hymns and confessions.

* King Ethelstan and earl Alchere found a great army of the pagans in Kent in a place which is called At Sandwich; † whom

AT SANDWICH: a customary
Saxon idiom.

Saron Chronicle

Asser

Ethelwerd

851

A. 852. Here at this time
Ceolred abbat of Medesham-

stede and the monks let to Wulfred the land of Sempingaham, on this condition, that after his decease the land should return to the minster, and that Wulfred should give the land of Sliowaford [SLEAFORD] to Medeshamstede, and each year should deliver into the minster sixty fother of wood, and twelve fother of coal, and six fother of faggots, and two tuns full of pure ale, and two beasts fit for slaughter, and six hundred loaves, and ten measures of Welsh ale, and each year a horse, and thirty shillings, and one day's entertainment. At this agreement were present king Burhred, and archbishop Ceolred, and bishop Tunberht, and bishop Cenred and bishop Alhhun, and bishop Berhtred, and abbat Wihtred, and abbat Werhtherd, and alderman Æthelheard and alderman Hunberht, and many others.

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In the year of our Lord's
incarnation 853, which was
the fifth of king Alfred,
Burgred, king of the Mer-
cians, sent messengers, and
prayed Ethelwulf king of
the West-Saxons, to come
and help him in reducing the
midland Britons, who dwell
between Mercia and the
western sea, and who strug-
gled against him most im-
moderately.

So without
delay, king Ethelwulf, hav-
ing received the embassy,
moved his army, and ad-
vanced with king Burghred
against Britain, and immedi-
diately on entering that
country, he began to ravage
it; and having reduced it
under subjection to king
Burghred, he returned home.

4 In the same year also, after
Easter, Ethelwulf, king of
the West-Saxons, gave his
daughter to Burgred, king of
the Mercians, to be queen,
and the marriage was cele-
brated royally at the royal

vill of Chippenham.

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took nine of their ships; but they almost cut off in the same the others filed.

6 This year, therefore, was fortunate for the English people.

2 To whom [BERT WOLF] SUCceeded Burrhed on the throne of Mercia.

place, God granting them help, and seized nine of their ships the rest struck with terror escaped by flight.

853.

Burhred, king of the Mer

cians, by messengers, prayed Ætheluulf king of the West-Saxons, to come and help him in reducing the midland Britons, who dwell between Mercia and the

Adelwlf, in the 18th year of his reign, most powerfully helped Burhred to subdue under his rule the North Welsh.

CHARTERS IN 853. ETHELWOLF

western sea, and who strug king of Wessex, subscribed by gled against him most im

moderately.

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ETHELBERTUS rex, CIALNOTHUS Dei gratia archiepiscopus, and others, among whom we find "Ego ELFRED fili regis consensi et subscripsi." II, 48.

relates, under this year, a legend concerning the terrible death and

MATTHEW OF WESTMINSTER

damnation of a witch; also the fate of Charles Martel.

In the year of our Lord's incarnation 853, of the birth of Alfred 5, Burhred king of the Mercians sent messengers, and begged Ethelwlf king of the West Saxons to bring him help in order that he might be able to subdue under his dominion the midland Britons who dwell between Mercia and the Western Sea, who often

strove against him. But King Ethelwlf, having received his embassy, moved an army, distributed pay, and bravely went forth with

king Burhred to war. Presently when he had begun to lay waste that nation, he took, slew, and subdued it to king Burhred, who giving thanks sent him away with joy to return to his own land.

3 In the same year also, after And gave him his daughter

Easter, Ætheluulf, king of the West-Saxons, gave his daughter to Burhred, king of the Mercians, and the mar riage was celebrated royally at the royal vill of Chippenham.

in marriage.

3 The same year after the feast of Christ's holy resurrection, king Ethelwlf, of glorious power, gave his daughter, with great glory, as it is customary for kings, to Burhred king of the Mercians, at the vill which is called At Chippenham ;

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